Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

90. US Department of State, Active Measures, p. 55.

91. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 176.

92. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 539. Dobrynin, In Confidence, pp. 235-6.

93. Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, p. 256; Isaacson, Kissinger, p. 612. On the KGB targeting of Jackson and Perle, see vol. 6, ch. 14, part 1.

94. Isaacson, Kissinger, pp. 612-15.

95. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 269.

96. vol. 6, ch. 14, part 1.

97. On the Centre’s short-lived hopes of using Brzezinski’s Soviet contacts to exert influence on him, see above, chapter 8.

98. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 433.

99. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 375.

100. vol. 6, ch. 14, part 1.

101. vol. 5, section 10.

102. vol. 5, section 10.

103. Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 455. Vance resigned as Secretary of State after opposing the unsuccessful mission to rescue the Teheran hostages in 1980. 104. vol. 6, ch. 14, part 1.

105. Reagan, An American Life, p. 33.

106. vol. 6, ch. 14, part 1.

107. Dobrynin, In Confidence, pp. 459, 470, 523. Cf. above, ch. 8. On RYAN, see Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 583-605, and Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from the Centre, ch. 4.

108. Order of the KGB Chairman, no. 0066 (April 12, 1982). vol. 4, indapp. 3, item 47.

109. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 590-1.

110. Reagan, An American Life, pp. 329-30.

111. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 3. As well as deceiving Sekou Touré, Seliskov also made an unsuccessful attempt to recruit the CIA station chief during his visit to Conakry.

112. vol. 6, ch. 8, part 3.

113. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 630. Active measures in the Third World will be covered in more detail in the next volume.

114. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 630-1.

115. Interview with Shebarshin after his retirement, Daily Telegraph (December 1, 1992).

116. Order of the Chairman of the KGB, no. 107/OV. (September 5, 1990).

117. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, appendix B, pp. 306-9. Among those former KGB officers who continue to propagate the old JFK conspiracy theories is Oleg Nechiporenko, who twice met Oswald in Mexico City in October 1963 and was later concerned with active measures involving Philip Agee. After his official retirement from the KGB in 1991, Nechiporenko made a number of appearances on the American lecture circuit, published his memoirs in English and was interviewed by Dan Rather in a CBS special on the JFK assassination. Nechiporenko, however, has become confused by the distinction between the original version of the KGB conspiracy theory of the assassination involving oil magnate H. L. Hunt and a later version which targeted Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt. His book, Passport to Assassination, which argues that the “billionaire E. Howard Hunt played a special role” in the assassination, confuses the two Hunts. Nechiporenko also claims that the CIA was probably involved. Passport to Assassination, p. 135.

1. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, ch. 9.

2. Leonhard, Child of the Revolution, p. 303. Leonhard accompanied Ulbricht back from Moscow.

3. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, ch. 9.

4. Szász, Volunteers for the Gallows, p. 105.

5. Flocken and Scholz, Ernst Wollweber.

6. After being expelled from the Party in 1958, Wollweiser lived in obscurity until his death in 1967. Childs and Popplewell, The Stasi, pp. 64-5.

7. Kopácsi, Au nom de la classe ouvrière, pp. 119-22. Mikoyan and Suslov, who also arrived secretly in Budapest at the beginning of the revolution, reported to Moscow on October 24, “One of the most serious mistakes of the Hungarian comrades was the fact that, before twelve midnight last night, they did not permit anyone to shoot at participants in the riots” (“Soviet Documents on the Hungarian Revolution,” p. 29).

8. Kopácsi, Au nom de la classe ouvrière, pp. 122, 240-8.

9. The best account in English of the repression of the Hungarian Revolution, based on full access to Hungarian archives and limited access to Soviet sources, is contained in a volume edited by Professor György Litván, Director of the Institute for the History of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956.

10. k-19,136.

11. t-7,299.

12. k-19,136.

13. t-7,299.

14. k-19,136.

15. Kalugin, Spymaster, p. 313.

16. Dawisha, The Kremlin and the Prague Spring, p. 16. In March 1968 Novotný was also forced to resign as president.

17. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 485-6.

18. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, p. 139.

19. Dobrynin, In Confidence, p. 179.

20. Pikhoya, “Chekhoslovakiya 1968 god,” part 1, pp. 10-12.

21. See below, chapter 15.

22. Litván, The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, p. 58.

23. Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow, p. 104.

24. Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 434-5.

25. k-16,250. vol. 6, ch. 5, part 1. vol. 7, ch. 7, 68.

26. k-19,299.

27. t-7,280.

28. Their names are listed in k-20,93,94.

29. GROMOV was Vasili Antonovich Gordievsky, who at different times assumed the identities of Kurt Sandler, Kurt Molner and Emil Frank (t-7,279). SADKO was an Estonian, Ivan Karlovich Iozenson, who posed successively as a Canadian of Finnish origins, Valte Urho Kataja, and as the Germans Hans Graven and Pobbs Friedrich Schilling (vol. 8, ch. 8; k-8,23,167,574). SEVIDOV’s real name is not recorded in Mitrokhin’s notes. When traveling in the West, he usually carried a West German passport in the name of Heinrich Dremer or Kurt Ernst Tile; he also possessed an Austrian passport in the name of Dremer. At one stage a Swiss passport was also held in reserve for him at the KGB residency in Vienna. When traveling in Poland, he posed as the East German Willi Werner Neumann (k-16,455). VLADIMIR was a Soviet ethnic German, Ivan Dmitryevich Unrau, who obtained his first West German passport under an assumed identity in 1961; he used at least two different names, Hans Emil Redveyks and [first name unknown] Maykhert. His wife Irina Yevseyevna was the illegal BERTA (k-16,61). VLAS was a Soviet Moldavian (real name unrecorded) who posed as the West German Rolf Max Thiemichen. His wife LIRA was also an illegal (k-11,6; k-8,277). The aliases of all five illegals, like others, were noted by Mitrokhin in the Cyrillic alphabet; their retranslation into the Roman alphabet may in some instances produce spelling errors.

30. GURYEV was Valentin Aleksandrovich Gutin, who posed in Czechoslovakia as a businessman (alias not recorded), probably from West Germany; he accompanied GROMOV to Prague (k-19,655). YEVDOKIMOV’s real name is not recorded; he used the alias Heinz Bayer (k-20,94; t-2,65).

31. The first list of illegals selected for postings in Czechoslovakia contains the name of PYOTR, also known as ARTYOM. Later records reveal that his wife ARTYOMOVA, also an illegal, played an active role in Czechoslovakia, but Mitrokhin’s notes contain no reference to operations by PYOTR/ARTYOM. ARTYOMOVA was a MGIMO graduate (real name unknown) who held a West German passport in the name of Edith Ingrid Eichendorf, but posed in Czechoslovakia as an Austrian businesswoman (alias unknown) (k-8,44; k-20,176). DIM (or DIMA) was V. I. Lyamin; he traveled to Prague on an Austrian passport (alias not recorded) (vol. 5, sec. 14; k-20,85). VIKTOR was a Latvian, Pavel Aleksandrovich Karalyun, who obtained a Brazilian passport in 1959 and later assumed Austrian nationality (vol. 6, ch. 5, parts 2, 4; k-16,483).