Christopher Andrew - The Sword and the Shield

32. Mitrokhin notes that BELYAKOV used British identity documents but does not record either his real or his assumed name (vol. 6, ch. 5, part 4). USKOV was [first name not recorded] Nikolayevich Ustimenko, who used successively Irish and British passports (aliases not recorded). VALYA was USKOV’s Norwegian-born wife, Victoria Martynova, who took Soviet citizenship on her marriage in 1961; like her husband, she used a British passport in Czechoslovakia (vol. 7, ch. 7; k-20,190).

33. ALLA was Galina Leonidovna Vinogradova (later Linitskaya and Kaminskaya), a Yugoslav woman whose first marriage was to a GRU illegal, Vladimir Ivanovich Vinogradov. In 1954 she obtained an Austrian passport in the name of Maria Machek. After her husband was dismissed from the GRU on charges of “political immaturity and ideological instability” in 1955, ALLA married the KGB illegal INDOR, then operating in Switzerland as Waldemar Weber, and acquired Swiss citizenship as Maria Weber. Her marriage to INDOR was dissolved “for operational reasons” in 1957 and she began a relationship with an Egyptian (codenamed PHARAOH) whom she met in Switzerland. Mitrokhin’s notes on ALLA’s bulky file record that she operated in Czechoslovakia in 1968 as Maria Werner. It is unclear whether ALLA had actually changed her alias from Weber or whether the apparent change is due to a clerical error related to the transliteration of her pseudonym to and from the Cyrillic alphabet. vol. 4, indapp. 3; vol. 4, pakapp. 3; k-20,187.

34. SEP was Mikhail Vladimirovich Fyodorov. From 1945 to 1951 he worked in Polish military intelligence under the alias Mikhail Lipsinski. In 1952 he and his wife ZHANNA (also an illegal) obtained Swiss passports. From 1953 to 1968 he was illegal resident in Switzerland; Mitrokhin’s notes do not record his alias. k-20,94,201; vol. 7, ch. 7; vol. 7, app. 3.

35. YEFRAT was a Soviet Armenian, Ashot Abgarovich Akopyan, who assumed the identity of a living Lebanese double, Oganes Saradzhyan, who had migrated to the Soviet Union and obtained, successively, French and Lebanese passports. His wife, Kira Viktorovna Chertenko (TANYA), was also an illegal. k-7,9; k-16,338,419.

36. ROY (also known as KONEYEV) was Vladimir Igorevich Stetsenko, who assumed the identity of a Mexican citizen, Felipe Burns, allegedly the son of a Canadian father and Mexican mother. His wife PAT (also known as IRINA) was also an illegal. vol. 8, app. 3a.

37. The assumed nationality of the illegal JURGEN is not recorded in Mitrokhin’s notes.

38. k-20,93.

39. k-19,331.

40. k-20,93.

41. k-20,86. On Bárak’s imprisonment in 1962, see Renner, A History of Czechoslovakia Since 1945, p. 35.

42. k-20,87,189; vol. 3, pakapp. 3.

43. Gustav Husák, who was to succeed Dubček as First Secretary in April 1969, accused Bárak of personal responsibility for his brutal interrogation and trial on trumped-up charges in 1954. Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution, p. 380.

44. k-20,93.

45. k-20,96.

46. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, p. 150; Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution, pp. 231, 879.

47. k-20,79. Strougal lost his position in the CPCz secretariat during the April reshuffle. In January 1970 he succeeded ˇCerník as prime minister.

48. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, pp. 126-7; Dubček, Hope Dies Last, pp. 145-6; Dawisha, The Kremlin and the Prague Spring, p. 63.

49. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, p. 160.

50. k-19,655. k-20,95.

51. In April 1968 GROMOV was awarded the “Honoured KGB Officer” badge for his part in exfiltrating FAUST (Yevgeni Ivanovich Ushakov, who had assumed the identity of a “dead double,” Olaf Carl Svenson). k-16,501; k-20,94. Cf. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 188.

52. k-19,655.

53. k-19,655.

54. Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution, pp. 69, 568, 576, 696.

55. The KGB file noted by Mitrokhin records that the Service V thugs chosen to assist GUREYEV in kidnapping Černý were named Alekseyev and Ivanov; Petrov and Borisov, also from Service V, were to help GROMOV make off with Procházka (k-19,655).

56. k-19,655; k-20,95.

57. k-20,155,156,203.

58. k-20,89.

59. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 129; Valenta, Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968, pp. 63-4. k-20,203.

60. Pikhoya, “Chekhoslovakiya 1968 god,” part 2, pp. 35ff; Gardner, “The Soviet Decision to Invade Czechoslovakia.”

61. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 129; Valenta, Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968, pp. 63-4.

62. August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, pp. 140-1. Mitrokhin notes that KGB plans “to carry out special assignments on nine people” in Czechoslovakia in August 1968 were canceled by the Centre, but gives no further details (k-20,203).

63. k-19,644.

64. This is the interpretation of Frantisek August, an StB officer who later defected to the West. According to August, Frouz was “a Soviet agent” (August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, p. 128).

65. Interviews with Kalugin in Komsomolskaya Pravda (June 20, 1990) and Moscow News, 1990, no. 25; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 487-8; Kramer, “The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia,” part 2, p. 6.

66. The minutes of the Politburo meeting of August 15-17, 1968, which agreed the final details of the invasion, are not yet available.

67. Littell (ed.), The Czech Black Book Prepared by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, pp. 64-70; August and Rees, Red Star over Prague, pp. 134-5.

68. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, p. 183.

69. Littell (ed.), The Czech Black Book Prepared by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, p. 70.

70. Kramer, “The Prague Spring and the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia,” part 2, p. 3.

71. Dubček, Hope Dies Last, chs. 22-25.

72. An Outline of the History of the CPCz, p. 305.

73. k-19,644.

74. k-19,644. It is unclear from Mitrokhin’s notes whether PATERA was an StB or KGB codename or an alias.

75. Kalugin, Spymaster, p. 107. Kalugin was “deeply moved by the resident’s words.”

76. Fourteen illegals were sent to Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (k-20,182); most had almost certainly been on previous short-term missions during the Prague Spring. The total sent, usually on more than one mission, to Czechoslovakia in 1968-9 was twenty-nine (k-20,203).

77. k-19,246.

78. k-20,181.

79. k-16,329; k-20,150,187.

80. k-16,329; k-20,176.

81. k-16,329; k-19,158.

82. k-16,329; k-19,158.

83. k-19,384.

84. vol. 8, ch. 8 and app. 1. ERNA, previously codenamed NORA, who had been born in France of Spanish parents in 1914, became a Communist militant and commanded a machine-gun company during the Spanish Civil War. In 1939 she moved to Russia, took Soviet citizenship and joined the NKGB in 1941. She worked as an illegal in France (1946-52) and Mexico (1954-57) before moving to Montreal in 1958. Despite her criticisms, ERNA told her shocked comrades in Budapest that she remained a committed Leninist. By the mid-1970s, however, she had become so disillusioned that she broke contact with the KGB.

85. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 81-2.

86. k-19,158.

87. vol. 3, pakapp. 3.

88. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, p. 187.

89. k-8,78; k-19,158,298,415,454; vol. 6, ch. 1, part 1; vol. 6, ch. 5, part 3.

90. Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution, pp. 172-3; Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 491-2.