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Stephen Fritz - Frontsoldaten

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Название:
Frontsoldaten
Автор:
Stephen G. Fritz
Издательство:
The University Press of Kentucky
Жанр:
История / military_history / на английском языке
Год:
1997
Город:
Lexington
ISBN:
9780813127811
Рейтинг книги:
4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Frontsoldaten: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Alois Dwenger, writing from the front in May of 1942, complained that people forgot “the actions of simple soldiers…. I believe that true heroism lies in bearing this dreadful everyday life.”
In exploring the reality of the Landser, the average German soldier in World War II, through letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories, Stephen G. Fritz provides the definitive account of the everyday war of the German front soldier. The personal documents of these soldiers, most from the Russian front, where the majority of German infantrymen saw service, paint a richly textured portrait of the Landser that illustrates the complexity and paradox of his daily life.
Although clinging to a self-image as a decent fellow, the German soldier nonetheless committed terrible crimes in the name of National Socialism. When the war was finally over, and his country lay in ruins, the Landser faced a bitter truth: all his exertions and sacrifices had been in the name of a deplorable regime that had committed unprecedented crimes. With chapters on training, images of combat, living conditions, combat stress, the personal sensations of war, the bonds of comradeship, and ideology and motivation, Fritz offers a sense of immediacy and intimacy, revealing war through the eyes of these self-styled “little men.”
A fascinating look at the day-to-day life of German soldiers, this is a book not about war but about men. It will be vitally important for anyone interested in World War II, German history, or the experiences of common soldiers throughout the world.

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35. Letters of Sergeant K. (3 May 1943), Corporal E.G. (4 July 1943) and Sergeant H.K. (8 Sept. 1943), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 121 no. 224, 124 no. 231, 126 no. 236.

36. Letter of Harry Mielert (20 Nov. 1941), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 32; Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 26–27.

37. Letter of anonymous soldier, in Schneider and Gullens, Last Letters, p. 46; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 324; letter of Harry Mielert (24 Nov. 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 110; letter of Lieutenant W.T. (1 Jan. 1944), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 153 no. 309.

38. Letter of anonymous soldier, in Schneider and Gullans, Last Letters, p. 103; letters of Corporal H.M. (18 Dec. 1941), Sergeant W.H. (30 Jan. 1942), and Sergeant K.H. (3 Feb. 1942), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 91 no. 152, 92 no. 155, 92–93 no. 156; letter of Harry Mielert (20 March 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 63.

39. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 423; Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, p. 43; letters of Harry Mielert (14 May, 10 July, and 3 Nov. 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, pp. 80, 87, 107; diary entry of Klaus Löscher (22 March 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 327.

40. Diary entry of Ewald H. (17 Nov. 1943), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch, p. 105; letter of Max Aretin-Eggert (13 Aug. 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 364–65.

41. Anonymous soldiers quoted in Schneider and Gullans, Last Letters, pp. 111–12, 121.

42. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 194–95, 261.

43. Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 332–36; Kitterman, “Wehrmacht Legal System,” p. 457; Messerschmidt, “German Military Law,” pp. 323–24; Messerschmidt and Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz, p. 63.

44. Kitterman, “Wehrmacht Legal System,” pp. 454–58; Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 59–60; Messerschmidt, “German Military Law,” pp. 323–24; Messerschmidt, “The Wehrmacht and the Volksgemeinschaft,” pp. 719–44; Messerschmidt, “Der ‘Zersetzer’ und sein Denunziant, pp. 255–78; Messerschmidt and Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz, p. 87 (see also pp. 63–89,90–168). Exact figures on the number of German soldiers executed in World War II are hard to determine. Earlier authors estimated that 16,000 were sentenced to death, with 10,000–12,000 actually executed; Messerschmidt and Wüllner ( Wehrmachtjustiz, pp. 29, 73–87, 90–91, 132–38) put the number sentenced to death at 28,000–32,000, with 20,000–22,000 executed; by contrast, between 8 Dec. 1941 and 15 March 1946, the U.S. Army sentenced 763 soldiers to death, of whom 146 were executed, but only one for desertion.

45. Plievier, Stalingrad, pp. 1–2; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 166.

46. Letter of anonymous soldier (1 June 1944), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 300–301; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 110–11.

47. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 451, 219.

48. Ibid., pp. 274–76.

49. Bartov, “Conduct of War,” p. S36; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 388–89. It was, in fact, incumbent on Wehrmacht authorities to create “flying courts martial”: a memorandum of 15 March 1945 made it mandatory for army officers down to the level of collection officers at roads and bridges not only to establish such instruments of summary justice but to use them in the harshest fashion. See Messerschmidt and Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz, doc. 13 and pp. 132–168.

50. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 390, 352–53.

51. Interview with Max Landowski, in Schröder, “‘Ich hänge hier,’” pp. 281–82; interviews with Erwin Lösch and Hans-Rudolf Vilter, in Steinhoff, Pechel, and Showalter, Deutsche im Zweiten Weltkrieg, pp. 550, 627.

52. Landowski quoted in Schröder, “Ich Hänge hier,” pp. 283–85; Aicher, Innenseiten des Kriegs, p. 215; Grebe, Militärmusik, pp. 203–5.

53. Schröder, “Ich hänge hier,” pp. 286–87, 290; Bartov, Hitler’s Army, p. 100; Altner, Totentanz Berlin, p. 117.

54. Letters of Friedrich Andreas von Koch (3 Oct. and 10 Dec. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 238–40.

55. Letters of Corporal J.S. (Nov. 1939 [?]) and Lieutenant Colonel H.Z. (20 Aug. 1944) [original emphasis], in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 46 no. 34, 156 no. 318.

56. Bartov, Hitler’s Army, pp. 97, 101.

57. Letter of Corporal B., in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 157 no. 320.

58. Letter of Private H.K. (27 June 1940), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 62 no. 77; Messerschmidt and Wüllner, Wehrmachtjustiz, pp. 218–21.

59. Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 200; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 266–67; letter of Harald Henry (9 Nov. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 86; letter of First Lieutenant Taulien (8 Sept. 1943), in Munzel, Gekämpft, pp. 221–22; letter of Corporal O.S. (13 Nov. 1942), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 151 no. 303.

60. Letters of Wilhelm Rubino (12 July 1941), Bernhard Beckering (11 April 1942), and Gottfried Gruner (18 Nov. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 60, 429, 280; letter of Harry Mielert (26 April 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 74.

61. Letters of Heinz Küchler (6 Sept. 1941) and Hans Pietzcker (22 Dec. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 161, 215; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 192; letter of Lieutenant K. (3 Sept. 1944), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, p. 158 no. 323; letter of Helmut Vethake (27 May 1943), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 236–37.

62. Letters of Hans-Heinrich Ludwig (18/21 Oct. 1941), Heinz Küchler (3 Sept. 1939), Siegbert Stehmann (13 Sept. 1944), and Willi Huber (2 Jan. 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 67, 156–57, 421–22, 340; letters of Lieutenant H.H. (28 Jan. 1943) and Captain H. (Jan. 1943), in Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 104 no. 179, 102 no. 174; Baird, To Die For Germany, pp. 213, 208.

63. Letters of Harald Henry (13 Dec. 1941) and Helmut Pabst (29 March 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 89–90, 248.

64. Letters of Helmut Pabst (8 March 1943) and Bernhard Beckering (16 Jan. 1945), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 257, 432; letters of Harry Mielert (20 Sept. 1943 and 7 Nov. 1941) in Mielert-Pflugradt Russische Erde, pp. 99, 26; letter of Günter von Scheven (6 March 1942) in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 115.

65. Letters of Horstmar Seitz (11 July 1943), Gottfried Gruner (22 Sept. 1942), and Siegbert Stehmann (3 Aug. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 286, 279, 414–15.

66. Letter of Siegbert Stehmann (13 Sept. 1944), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 423–24.

67. Letter of Rolf Hoffmann (4 Feb. 1945), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 444.

68. Letters of Wilhelm Heidtmann (8 Sept. 1944) and Walter Wenzl (March 1945), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 446, 451.

69. Letters of Siegbert Stehmann (13 Sept. 1944), Helmut Pabst (5 May 1942), and Bernhard Beckering (11 April 1942 and 3 Jan. 1945), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 422, 250, 430.

70. Letter of Wilhelm Spaleck (3 Jan. 1945), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 428; letter of Harry Mielert (31 March 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 67.