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Stephen Fritz - Frontsoldaten

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Название:
Frontsoldaten
Автор:
Stephen G. Fritz
Издательство:
The University Press of Kentucky
Жанр:
История / military_history / на английском языке
Год:
1997
Город:
Lexington
ISBN:
9780813127811
Рейтинг книги:
4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Frontsoldaten: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Alois Dwenger, writing from the front in May of 1942, complained that people forgot “the actions of simple soldiers…. I believe that true heroism lies in bearing this dreadful everyday life.”
In exploring the reality of the Landser, the average German soldier in World War II, through letters, diaries, memoirs, and oral histories, Stephen G. Fritz provides the definitive account of the everyday war of the German front soldier. The personal documents of these soldiers, most from the Russian front, where the majority of German infantrymen saw service, paint a richly textured portrait of the Landser that illustrates the complexity and paradox of his daily life.
Although clinging to a self-image as a decent fellow, the German soldier nonetheless committed terrible crimes in the name of National Socialism. When the war was finally over, and his country lay in ruins, the Landser faced a bitter truth: all his exertions and sacrifices had been in the name of a deplorable regime that had committed unprecedented crimes. With chapters on training, images of combat, living conditions, combat stress, the personal sensations of war, the bonds of comradeship, and ideology and motivation, Fritz offers a sense of immediacy and intimacy, revealing war through the eyes of these self-styled “little men.”
A fascinating look at the day-to-day life of German soldiers, this is a book not about war but about men. It will be vitally important for anyone interested in World War II, German history, or the experiences of common soldiers throughout the world.

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NOTES

Sources have been shortened in the notes.

For full information, see the Bibliography.

Chapter 1. The View from Below

1. Letters of Günter von Scheven (14 Feb. and 6 March 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 113, 115; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 215–16.

2. Letter of Alois Dwenger (1 May 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 123–24.

3. Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, pp. 50–51; diary entry of Ewald H. (Nov. 1942), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch, p. 102. The expression Schütze Arsch could be translated politely as “simple private” but is more accurately akin in meaning to the American “grunt,” evoking a sardonic image of a man doing the dirty work and suffering the hardships while gaining little recognition.

4. Fox, “Fatal Attraction,” p. 15; letter of Kurt Vogeler (Dec. 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 109; Wavell quoted in Holmes, Firing Line, p. 7.

5. Keegan, Face of Battle, pp. 77–78; Wette, “Militärgeschichte von unten,” pp. 13–14, 24; diary entries of Ewald H. (New Year’s Eve 1941, 29 Jan. 1942), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch, p. 100. For the Nazi emphasis on the redemptive qualities of death, see Baird, To Die For Germany, pp. 202–42.

6. Letters of anonymous soldiers (19 Aug. and 6 June 1941), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 317, 298.

7. Hansmann, Vorüber—nicht vorbei, pp. 71–73.

8. Browning, Ordinary Men, pp. xix-xx; Michael Howard, Introduction to Frederic Manning, The Middle Parts of Fortune (London: Buchan & Enright, 1986), pp. v-vi; diary entry of Ewald H. (27 Sept. 1941), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch, p. 99; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. ix.

9. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 223.

10. Knoch, “Kriegsalltag,” pp. 222–23; Peukert and Reulecke, Die Reihen fast geschlossen, p. 15; Borscheid, “Plädoyer für eine Geschichte des Alltäglichen,” p. 96.

11. Knoch, “Kriegsalltag,” p. 223; Wette, “Militärgeschichte von unten,” pp. 19–23; Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 8–11; van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 42–61.

12. Letter of anonymous soldier (27 March 1943), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 289; see also, pp. 281–82.

13. Buchbender and Sterz, Andere Gesicht, pp. 13–14, 24; Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 281–82.

14. Fox, “Fatal Attraction,” p. 20.

Chapter 2. Sweat Saves Blood

1. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 19.

2. Ibid., pp. 1–2; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 79; letter of anonymous soldier (28 Dec. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 291.

3. Van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 65–68.

4. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 11; interview with Alfred Wessel, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 83–84.

5. Diary entry of Rudolf Halbey (14 Nov. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 273.

6. Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 36–42,79–81. See also van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 72–73.

7. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, p. 9; Heck, Child of Hitler, esp. pp. 20–35.

8. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 47, 58, 66–67.

9. Letter of Karl Fuchs (11 April 1937), in Richardson, Sieg Heil! p. 24.

10. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 67–69.

11. Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 92.

12. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 9–10, 17.

13. Letter of Karl Fuchs (Fall 1939), in Richardson, Sieg Heil!, p. 42; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 2–3.

14. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 4–6, 19.

15. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 74–75.

16. Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 44–49; letter of Karl Fuchs (27 Feb. 1941), in Richardson, Sieg Heil!, p. 90; Woltersdorf, Gods of War, p. 99.

17. Holmes, Firing Line, p. 47; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 170.

18. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, pp. 25–26.

19. Ibid., pp. 26, 104.

20. Pöppel, Heaven and Hell, pp. 174, 176.

21. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 160.

22. Ibid., pp. 161–62.

23. Ibid., Forgotten Soldier, pp. 163–64.

24. Kennett, G.I ., p. 51.

25. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 165–68.

26. Interviews with Fritz-Erich Diemke and Gustav Knickrehm, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 134, 136–37; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, pp. 105, 136.

27. Dupuy, A Genius for War, pp. 234–35.

28. Van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 6, 11–15.

29. Fussell, Wartime, p. 80.

30. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, p. 206. See also Van Creveld, Fighting Power, pp. 121–16.

31. Interviews with Johann Eisfeld, Erich Albertsen, and Max Landowski, in Schröder, “Man kam sich da vor wie ein Stück Dreck,” pp. 186–92; interview with Fritz-Erich Diemke, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 209–10.

32. Interview with Fritz Harenberg, in Niethammer, “Heimat und Front,” p. 168; interview with Heinz Rieckmann, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, p. 129.

33. Interviews with Hermann Blohm, Georg Timm, Werner Karstens, Franz Ehlers, and Albert Gädtke, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 127–28, 115, 101–4, 143–5.

34. Schröder, “Man kam sich da vor wie ein Stück Dreck,” pp. 194–96; Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 186–237; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, pp. 79–80.

35. Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 95; Dettmann quoted in Schröder, “Man kam sich da vor wie ein Stück Dreck,” p. 195.

36. Interview with Werner Karstens, in Schröder, Kasernenzeit, pp. 186–87.

37. Ibid., pp. 189–91.

38. Woltersdorf, Gods of War, pp. 110–11.

39. Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 167.

40. Letters of anonymous soldiers (22 Sept. 1944, 2 July 1941), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 297, 304; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 57.

Chapter 3. Living on Borrowed Time

1. Letter of Harry Mielert (12 April 1943), in Mielert-Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 70; Holmes, Firing Line, pp. 74–75; Ellis, On the Front Lines, p. 8.

2. Keegan, Face of Battle, pp. 47, 53.

3. Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, pp. 148–51.

4. Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, p. 144; diary entry (1 Sept. 1939), in Prüller, Diary, p. 12; letters of Wolfgang Döring (7 Dec. 1940) and Helmut Pabst (1 Feb. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 18, 247; Opitz, “Die Stimmung,” p. 236.

5. Diary entry of Ewald H. (17 Nov. 1943), in Breloer, Mein Tagebuch, p. 105; letter of Harry Mielert (1 July 1941), in Mielert Pflugradt, Russische Erde, p. 12; letters of Ernst Kleist (14 and 28 May 1940), Kurt Reuber (4/5 Jan. 1943), Meinhart Freiherr von Guttenberg (mid-Sept. 1939) and diary entry of Rudolf Halbey (14 Nov. 1942), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 24–27, 204, 13, 273; letter of anonymous soldier (15 Nov. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” p. 304; letter of Hans-Friedrich Stäcker (21 July 1940), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, p. 32.

6. Letters of Harald Henry (30 June and 4 July 1941), in Bähr and Bähr, Kriegsbriefe, pp. 69, 71; Knappe and Brusaw, Soldat, pp. 148–49.

7. Letters of anonymous soldiers (26 June and 29 July 1941; 1 and 15 Nov. 1942), in Dollwet, “Menschen im Krieg,” pp. 298–99, 304; Grupe, Jahrgang 1916, p. 159; Sajer, Forgotten Soldier, p. 68.