Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

336. Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, Palachi i zhertvy , pp. 169–170; Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 271–272; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 115–117.

337. Akikusa’s prisoner card in Vladimir Prison (Memorial ’ s Archive [Moscow], fond 171; prisoner cards from Vladimir Prison).

338. Williams and Wallace, Unit 731, pp. 34–35.

339. Abarinov, The Murders of Katyn , pp. 244–245.

340. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 273; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, Palachi i zhertvy , p. 170.

341. Copies of original documents from Roedel’s Prisoner File released by the KGB.

342. Aleksandr Mironov (1896–1968) was the Inner (Lubyanka) Prison commandant from 1939 until 1953.

343. The so-called Smoltsov’s Report cited in USSR Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko’s note, dated February 6, 1957.

344. A “Medical Report” dated September 12, 1947, and signed by head of the Medical Department of Lubyanka Prison, Medical Major Kuzmin. Released by the KGB.

345. Sudoplatov, P., et al ., Special Tasks , pp. 270–271; Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , pp. 441–442; Sudoplatov, A., Tainaya zhizn’ , vol. 2, pp. 276.

346. Meetings with the agents or informers in “safe apartments” or hotels was a usual practice of the NKVD/MGB/MVD/KGB officers.

347. Mairanovsky’s testimony on August 27, 1953, cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 366–367; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , pp. 152–153.

348. Khokhlov, In the Name of Conscience , pp. 122–124.

349. Gordievsky, Oleg, Sleduyushchaya ostanovka—rasstrel [Shooting to Death Is the Next Step] (Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 1999), pp. 256–257.

350. Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , pp. 450–451; Sudoplatov, A., Tainaya zhizn , vol. 2, p. 284.

351. The unusual career of one of the most successful Soviet agents, Iosif Grigulevich, was described recently by Andrew and Mitrokhin in The Sword and the Shield , pp. 99–101, 162–163, and 357–358. However, the authors mistakenly wrote that Grigulevich was a Jew. In fact, he was a Karaim: see Anokhin, G. I., “Luis, brat ubiitsy Trotskogo” [Luis, Leon Trotsky’s assassin’s brother], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 66 (6) (1996): 530–535 (in Russian); Pavlov, Vitalii, Operatsiya “Sneg” [Operation “Snow”] (Moscow: Geya, 1996), pp. 156–161 (in Russian); and Primakov, Ocherki istorii , vol. 3, pp. 148–154. The Karaims are a Judaic sect (Karai), but ethnically they are not related to the Jews: They are people of Turk descent who have adopted Karaism. There are three groups of Karaims: the largest in the Crimea (the original location) and two others, in Lithuania and Poland. The western communities have existed since the early fifteenth century, when Grand Duke of Lithuania Witold brought 483 Karaim families to his country (see Karaim home page, www.turkiye.net/sota/karaim.html). Grigulevich was born in Lithuania.

352. Anokhin, “Luis, brat ubiitsy Trotskogo.” See also Pavlov, Operatsiya “Sneg,” pp. 159–161.

353. Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

354. Pavlov, Operatsiya “Sneg,” pp. 156–159.

355. Volkogonov, D., “Plan Stalina ubit’ Tito” [Stalin’s plan to assassinate Tito], Izvestiya , June 11, 1993 (in Russian). Translation of the document into English available at cwihp.si.edu/cwihplib.nsf.

356. Deichmann, Biologists Under Hitler , pp. 287–288.

357. Ibid., p. 417.

358. Sudoplatov, P., et al. , Special Tasks , pp. 336–339.

359. Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield , p. 358.

360. Pavlov, Operatsiya “Sneg,” p. 159.

1. Mairanovsky’s letter with his biography, addressed to Academician Nikolai Blokhin (dated May 18, 1964); Archival Record from the USSR Medical Academy Archive (January 5, 1962); an archival excerpt from a transcript of a meeting of the Scientific Council of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine, VIEM (July 3, 1963); Certificate No. 82061 from Vladimir Prison (April 10, 1962); and a copy of a certificate issued by the KGB (January 26, 1962) (Memorial’s Archive [Moscow], fond 1, op. 1, d. 2872). Also see Appendix II.

2. For the history of the VIEM, see Grekova, T. I., and K. A. Lange, “Tragicheskie stranitsy istorii Instituta Eksperimental’noi Meditsiny (20–30-e gody)” [The tragic pages of the history of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, the 1920s–30s], in Yaroshevskii, Repressirovannaya nauka , issue 2, pp. 9–44 (in Russian); Grigoryan, N. G., “50-letie Meditsinskoi Akademii” [The 50th anniversary of the Medical Sciences Academy], Vestnik Roissiiskoi Akademii Nauk 65 (2) (1995): 176–179 (in Russian).

3. Mairanovsky’s letter to Blokhin, May 18, 1964.

4. A transcript of Mairanovsky’s interrogation on September 23, 1953 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 231–232, translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 70–72).

5. Mitscherlich, Alexander, and Fred Mielke, Doctors of Infamy: The Story of the Nazi Medical Crime, trans. Heinz Norden, with statements by Andrew C. Ivy, Telford Taylor, and Leo Alexander, and a note by Albert Deutch (New York: Henry Schuman, 1949), pp. 75–80; Kogon, Eugen, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The Shocking Story of the Nazi S.S. and the Horror of the Concentration Camps , trans. Heinz Norden (New York: Berkeley Books, 1982), p. 173.

6. Taylor, “Opening Statement of the Prosecution,” p. 76.

7. Hunt, Secret Agenda , p. 153.

8. Williams and Wallace, Unit 731 , pp. 45–46; Harris, Factories of Death , p. 71.

9. Deichmann, Biologists Under Hitler , p. 257.

10. Mitscherlich and Mielke, Doctors of Infamy , pp. 79–80.

11. On the whole, six convicts were hanged, five were sentenced to life imprisonment and three to imprisonment from ten to twenty years, and seven were acquitted (“Publisher’s Epilogue: Seven Were Hanged,” in ibid., p. 146).

12. Hunt, Secret Agenda , pp. 179–181.

13. Bower, Tom, The Paperclip Conspiracy: The Hunt for the Nazi Scientists (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), pp. 93–97.

14. Williams and Wallace, Unit 731 , pp. 235–253.

15. A transcript of the interrogation of Mairanovsky on September 23, 1953 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 232–233, translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 70–71).

16. A transcript of the interrogation of Merkulov on September 29, 1953 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 234–235, translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 73–74).

17. See the transcripts cited in Notes 15 and 16.

18. Pp. 219–220 in Lifton, Robert J., “Medicalized Killing in Auschwitz,” in Gutman, Y., and A. Saf, eds., The Nazi Concentration Camps: Structure and Aims; The Image of the Prisoner; The Jews in the Camps (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984), pp. 207–234.

19. Hunt, Secret Agenda , pp. 163–164.

20. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 315, translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , p. 126.

21. Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , p. 630.

22. Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 75.

23. I could not find any specific information about Smykov.

24. According to Bobryonev, this information is in the transcript of Merkulov’s interrogation by the investigator Uspensky (Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 400–401; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 181).