Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

139. Rapoport, The Doctor’s Plot of 1953 , pp. 262–266.

140. Kulaev, B. S., “‘Pavlovskaya sessiya’ i sud’ba sovetskoi fiziologii” [The “Pavlov Session” and the fate of the Soviet physiology], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 3 (1988): 138–141 (in Russian); Arshavsky, M. A., “O sessii ‘dvukh akademii’” [On the session of “two academies”], in Yaroshevsky , Repressirovannaya nauka, issue 2, pp. 239–242.

141. Yaroshevskii, M. G., “‘Pavlovskaya sessiya,’” pp. 129–136; Krementsov, Stalinist Science , p. 273.

142. Yaroshevskii, “‘Pavlovskaya sessiya,’”; Arshavsky, “O sessii ‘dvukh akademii,’” p. 239.

143. Kulaev, B. S., “‘Pavlovskaya sessiya.’”

144. “Grashchenkov, N. I.,” in Bol’shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopedia , vol. 8, pp. 198–201 (in Russian).

145. Aleksandrov, Trudnye gody , pp. 17–18.

146. Grigoryan, “50-letie Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk,” pp. 176–179.

147. Aleksandrov, Trudnye gody , p. 35.

148. “Sanotsky, V. A.,” in Bol’shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopedia , vol. 29, p. 363 (in Russian).

149. “Tarusov, B. N.,” in Bol’shaya Meditsinskaya Entsiklopedia , vol. 31, pp. 1144–1145 (in Russian).

150. “Frank, Gleb Mikhailovich,” in Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 27, p. 319.

151. Belousov, L. V., A. A. Gurvich, S. Ya. Zalkind, and N. N. Kannegiser, Aleksandr Gavrilovich Gurvich (Moscow: Nauka, 1970), pp. 50, 55, and 69 (in Russian).

152. In 1990, this institute was divided into the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics (Director L. Chailakhyan), and the Institute of Cell Biophysics (Director Yevgenii Fesenko) (Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , p. 440).

153. Burnazyan, A. I., “Fantasticheskaya real’nost’” [The fantastic reality], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 63 (3) (1993): 243–257 (in Russian).

154. In the early 1950s, the Department of Medical Radiology at the Central Institute of Final Medical Education (TsIU) of the Medical Academy was another site of secret medico-biological studies on radiation effect within the Soviet atomic project. These studies were supervised by the MGB and Special Directorate of the Medical Academy (Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , pp. 301–304).

155. Abelev, G. I., “The ‘Alternative’ Science. From the Life of Science During the Period of Stagnation,” Ontogenez 22 (1991): 659–672 (in Russian; English translation in Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 22 [1992]: 413–424).

156. Schnol, Geroi i zlodei , p. 391.

157. Ibid.

158. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 125–126. The specificity of the work of the First, Second, and Seventh MGB/KGB Departments in a secret center of the Soviet atomic project Arzamas-16 in the 1940s–1950s is described in Popov, Arzamas-16 , pp. 50–65.

159. The report was reproduced in Krivonosov, Yu. I, “Landau i Sakharov v ‘razrabotkakh’ KGB” [Landau and Sakharov in the “investigative materials” of the KGB], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 34 (1993): 124–132 (in Russian).

160. Sakharov, Memoirs , pp. 386–388.

161. Ibid., pp. 632–633.

162. Popovsky, Manipulated Science , p. 31.

163. Dr. Vil Mirzayanov (personal communications). The GosNIIOKhT in Moscow and its branches in Shikhany, Volgograd, and Novocheboksarsk continue to be the main potential reasearch centers on chemical weaponry in Russia (see Smithson, “Toxic Archipelago”).

164. A special police permit, called a “propiska,” is still needed for Russian citizens living in Moscow.

165. A short biography of Zhuk (1892–1957): “Zhuk, Sergei Yakovlevich,” in Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 9, p. 646.

166. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918–1956, vols. 3–4, p. 99.

167. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 31, 62, 120, 122, 138.

168. Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD , p. 357.

169. Kozlov, V. A., and S. V. Mironenko, eds., Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii Rossii. Tom IV. “Osobaya Papka” L. P. Berii. Iz Materialov Sekretariata NKVD-MVD SSSR 1946–1949. Katalog Dokumentov [Archive of Contemporary Russian History. Vol. IV. The “Special Files” for L. P. Beria. From Materials of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR, 1946–1949] (Moscow: State Archive of the Russian Federation, 1996), pp. 342 (Document D. 205, L. 195–241), 516 (D. 244, L. 47–142).

170. Ibid., p. 452.

171. Vorontsov, Nikolai N., “Nature Protection and Government in the USSR,” Journal of the History of Biology 25 (1992): 369–383.

172. “Akademiku N. A. Shilo 80 let” [Academician N. A. Shilo is now 80], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 63 (1993): 948 (in Russian).

173. In 1946, gold mines (and labor camps of prisoners working in them) were gathered under the new MVD Special Main Directorate (SGU) Glavspetstsvetmet. In 1951, the new MVD Geological Directorate became in charge of coordinating all MVD mining camp activity, including SGU, Dalstroi, and countless others (Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka , pp. 50–51, 63).

174. In 1946, Georgii Demidov (1908–1986) received his second term in labor camps for this statement. Demidov was under KGB surveillance until his death. In 1980, during the search of apartments of Demidov’s friends in different cities, the KGB confiscated manuscripts of all Demidov’s unpublished works (Shentalinsky, Arrested Voices , pp. 132–134).

175. “Shilo, Nikolai Alekseevich,” in Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 29, pp. 596–597.

176. See “Shirshov, Pyotr Petrovich,” in Great Soviet Encyclopedia , vol. 29, p. 603.

177. Kozlov and Mironenko, “Osobaya Papka” L. P. Berii , pp. 122, 128, 187, 207–208, 232, 452, 507, 596, 601, 603, and 628. It is interesting that some oil was brought to the Dalstroi and its labor camps from the United States (pp. 207–208).

178. “P. P. Shirshov [an obituary],” Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR 23 (2): 45–46 (in Russian).

179. Excerpts from the memoirs of the Gulag’s survivors with a description of transportation are given in Conquest, Robert, Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (New York: Viking Press, 1978), pp. 25–35.

180. Kozlov and Mironenko, “Osobaya Papka” L. P. Berii , p. 344.

181. Ibid., p. 515.

182. Ibid., p. 249.

183. A letter addressed to L. Beria and dated July 29, 1947 (Kozlov and Mironenko, ibid., pp. 274–275).

184. Radzinsky, Stalin , pp. 523–525.

185. See, for instance, Bower, Tom, Nazi Gold: The Full Story of the Fifty-Year Swiss-Nazi Conspiracy to Steal Billions from Europe’s Jews and Holocaust Survivors (New York: HarperCollins, 1997).

186. A survivor of Kolyma prisoner camps, the American Thomas Sgovio described in detail conditions of the “work” in the Kolyma gold mines (Sgovio, Dear America, pp. 209–211).

187. Anders, Wladyslaw, An Army in Exile (Nashville, TN: Battery Press, 1981), p. 76.

188. Conquest, Kolyma , pp. 218–219.

189. Wallace, Henry A., Soviet Asia Mission (New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1946).

190. Newman, Robert P., Owen Lattimore and the “Loss” of China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), p. 107.

191. Reports dated May 29 and June 8, 1944, in Kozlov and Mironenko, “Osobaya papka” I. V. Stalina , pp. 30 and 32.

192. Conquest, Kolyma , pp. 204–213; Newman, Owen Lattimore , pp. 109–110; Hochschild, The Unquiet Ghost , pp. 268–272.