Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

187. Albats, The State , p. 352.

188. Anonymous, “Smert’ ego organizatsii” [Death to his organization], Obshchaya Gazeta , December 25, 1997 (in Russian).

189. According to unconfirmed reports from Chechnya, on December 5, 1999, the Russian troops used chemical weapons against the Chechen civilians (“Chemical Weapons Used in Chechnya—Claim,” ITN Online , December 7, 1999 [on-line version]). The second alleged usage of chemical weapons and napalm by the Russian troops against Chechens was on December 30, 1999 (“Russians, Chechens Trade Charges Over Chemical Weapons,” Agence France Presse, December 31, 1999 (on-line version).

190. Abdulaeva, M., “Lyudi i zveri” [People and beasts], Novaya Gazeta, June 15, 2000 23 (d) (on-line version, in Russian).

191. “Judgment and Aftermath,” in Annas, George J., and Michael A. Grodin, eds., The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 94–105. Two of the defendants, Gebhardt and Mrugowsky, were sentenced to death by hanging; Genzken and Poppendick were sentenced to imprisonment for 20 and 10 years, respectively (Mitscherlich, Alexander, and Fred Mielke, “Epilogue: Seven Were Hanged,” in Annas and Grodin, The Nazi Doctors, pp. 105–107).

192. Deriabin, Peter, and Frank Gibney, The Secret World (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1959), p. 137.

193. Burbyga, “Prigovoryen k ‘medosmotru’”; see also Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , pp. 47–50.

194. See more information about files in Chapter 4.

195. Burbyga, “Prigovoryen k ‘medosmotru.’”

196. Harris and Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, pp. 25–28; Bryden, Deadly Allies , pp. 17–18.

197. Bryden, Deadly Allies , p. 223.

198. Ibid., p. 223; Endicott, Stephen, and Edward Hagerman, The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 33.

199. Harris, Factories of Death , p. 93.

200. A mixture of cardiac glycosides obtained from plants belonging to the genus Digitalis.

201. Burbyga, “Prigovoryen k ‘medosmotru.’” See also Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , p. 49.

202. A transcript of the interrogation is cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 409–411.

203. A testimony of Aleksandr Grigorovich in 1954, cited in ibid., p. 409.

204. For details, see Litvin, A. A., Krasnyi i belyi terror v Rossii, 1918–1921 gg. [The Red and White Terror in Russia, 1918–1921] (Kazan: Tatarskoie knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1995), pp. 172–196 (in Russian).

205. Ibid., p. 64.

206. Petrovsky, B. V., “Ranenie i bolezn’ Lenina [Lenin’s wounding and illness],” Pravda , November 25, 1990 (in Russian).

207. A testimony of Mairanovsky, cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 256–257; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 78.

208. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 409.

209. A transcript of the interrogation of Vsevolod Merkulov by investigator Col. Uspensky on August 29, 1953. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 385–390; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 169–170.

210. A transcript of the interrogation of Bogdan Kobulov by investigator Lt. Col. Bazenko, October 1953. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 393–394; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , p. 173.

211. A transcript of the interrogation of Lavrentii Beria by Chief Prosecutor Roman Rudenko on August 28, 1953. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 370; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 153.

212. A transcript of the interrogation of Lavrentii Beria by Chief Prosecutor Rudenko on September 1, cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 372–378, and translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 155–158. Beria’s words about Hitler are on p. 374 of “Doktor Smert.”

213. According to the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council dated December 10, 1953, the Special Court consisted of the Chair Marshal I. S. Konev and the following members: chairman of the VTsSPS N. M. Shvernik, first deputy of the chairman of the USSR Supreme Council Ye. L. Zeidlin, army general K. S. Moskalenko, secretary of the Moscow Regional Communist Party Committee N. A. Mikhailov, chairman of the Moscow City Court L. A. Gromov, first deputy of the MVD Minister K. F. Lunev, and chairman of the Georgian Republic Council of Trade Unions M. I. Kuchava. The Decree was signed by chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council Kliment Voroshilov and secretary of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council N. Pegov. The Presidential Archive, F. 3, Op. 24, D. 473, L. 1–7, cited as a part of Document No. 6 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , p. 386.

214. Petrov, “Sudy protiv chlenov NKVD-MGB.”

215. Marks, The Search for the “Manchurian Candidate” , pp. 23–36.

216. Mairanovsky’s letter to MGB Minister Ignatiev, dated October 17, 1951. Cited in Bobryonev “Doktor Smert,” pp. 315–316, and translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 126–130.

217. See Abarinov, V., The Murders of Katyn (New York: Hippocrene Books Inc., 1993), pp. 153–172.

218. Repressions against the Russian Germans started in 1937 (Okhotin and Roginsky, “Iz istorii”). However, the mass deportations were organized after the invasion of the USSR by Nazi troops and the beginning of the war on June 22, 1941. From September 3 to 20, 1941, more than 440,000 Volga Germans were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia. The operation was headed by Serov. On the whole, 1,209,430 Germans from the Volga River area, the Moscow and Leningrad regions, the Crimea, the North Caucasus, and the Kuban River region were deported to Central Asia in 1941–1942 (Pohl, J. Otto, The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930–1953 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997), pp. 72–90. Later, in 1944, more Germans were deported from the Crimea (Stetsovsky, Istoriya , vol. 1, pp. 457–458).

219. Parrish, The Lesser Terror , pp. 312–313.

220. Abarinov, The Murders of Katyn , pp. 153–172.

221. An interrogation of Vasilii Naumov regarding Mairanoivsky in 1954. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 325, and translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , pp. 83–84.

222. Felix, Chistopher, with James McCagar, A Short Course in the Secret War (Lanham: Madison Books, 1992), p. 188.

223. Cited in Kutuzov, V., “Gryaznaya kukhnya Abakumova” [Abakumov’s dirty kitchen], in “ Leningradskoe delo” , pp. 400–412 (in Russian).

224. Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty”; see also Sudoplatov, P., et al ., Special Tasks , p. 411.

225. Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 64.

226. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 205; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 59, 108–109.

227. Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant , p. 45.

228. See, for instance, reports on the execution and cremation of the famous Soviet/Russian writer Isaak Babel given in Povartsov, Prichina smerti, p. 178.

229. Photos of such a cane and a pen are given in Melton, The Ultimate Spy , pp. 149 and 152.

230. An interrogation of Mairanovsky by the investigator Tsaregradsky on September 23, 1953, cited during the interrogation of Merkulov on September 29, 1953, by Chief Prosecutor Rudenko (Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 389; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 169).