Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

287. Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” pp. 160–161, 165.

288. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 98; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts , p. 66.

289. Todorov, Tzvetan, Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps , trans. Abigail Pollak and Arthur Denner (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), p. 161.

290. Blumenthal, R., and J. Miller, “Japan Rebuffs Requests for Information About Its Germ-Warfare Atrocities,” New York Times , March 4, 1999.

291. Shalamov, Varlam, Kolyma Tales (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), p. 157.

292. Smolentsev, L. N., Golgofa Rossii [The Golgotha of Russia] (N.p.: Syktyvkar,1993), p. 350 (in Russian).

293. Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, Palachi i zhertvy , p. 114.

294. Blokhin’s testimony (p. 392 in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert” ) in a transcript of the interrogation of Arkady Gertsovsky on October 14, 1953, by Deputy Military Chief Prosecutor Uspensky (Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 391–394; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 176–177).

295. The same transcript (Bobryonev, “ Doktor Smert,” pp. 394–395; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 176–177).

296. A transcript of the interrogation of Arkady Gertsovsky on October 23, 1953, by Deputy Military Chief Prosecutor Uspensky (Bobryonev, “ Doktor Smert,” pp. 394–398; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 176–177).

297. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 207–208.

298. Gertsovsky’s testimony on October 14, 1953 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 391; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 170–171).

299. Balishansky’s testimony on February 4, 1954 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 398; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 179).

300. Swedish Foreign Office White Books on Raoul Wallenberg (Stockholm), vol. 35, report regarding conversation with Dr. Charles W. Schandl, which took place in Toronto, Sunday February 2, 1958, Consul Folke Persson, February 5, 1958, New York. Translated into English by Jacob Wallenberg (New York), 1991.

301. Charles Schandl’s prisoner card in Vladimir Prison (Memorial’s Archive [Moscow], fond 171; prisoner cards from Vladimir Prison).

302. Two more persons who worked with van der Waals for the British Intelligence, the Hungarian lawyer Raphael Rupert and RAF warrant officer Reginald Barratt, whom Ruppert hid at his house, were also arrested by the Soviets. Barratt was soon killed, and Van der Waals died in the Butyrka Prison Hospital in 1948, whereas Rupert survived a long imprisonment. See Veress, Laura-Louise, Clear the Line: Hungary’s Struggle to Leave the Axis During the Second World War (Cleveland, OH: Prospero Publications, 1995), pp. 229–230.

303. Schandel was described as “Charlie” in the memoirs of Lucien Gouaze: Serbet, Jean-Paul, PolitIsolator (Paris: Robert Lafont, 1961), pp. 375–378. J.-P. Serbet was the pseudonym of French intelligence officer Lucien Gouaze, who was kidnapped by the MGB officers in 1948 in Austria. He was accused of espionage and condemned to twenty-five years’ imprisonment. He was kept in Vladimir Prison from 1949 and released in 1956.

304. Cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 343; translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 34.

305. Sudoplatov’s testimony on September 1, 1953 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 389, and translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 155) and Grigoriev’s testimony in 1954 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 409).

306. Sudoplatov’s appeal to the Twenty-Third Congress of the Communist Party. Cited in Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

307. Cited in ibid.

308. The text of the whole letter is given in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 342–345.

309. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 278–279; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 80–81.

310. Kozlov, V. A., and S. V. Mironenko, eds., Arkhiv noveishei istorii Rossii. Tom I. “Osobaya papka” I. V. Stalina, Iz materialov Sekretariata NKVD-MVD SSSR 1944–1953. Katalog dokumentov [Archive of Contemporary Russian History. Vol. I. The “Special Files” for I. V. Stalin. From Materials of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR, 1944–1953] (Moscow: State Archive of the Russian Federation, 1994) (in Russian), p. 184.

311. Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , pp. 408–409.

312. Sudoplatov, P., et al ., Special Tasks , pp. 252–253.

313. Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 113.

314. Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , pp. 413–414.

315. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 278; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 77–78.

316. Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

317. The documents (TFR 18/19 through 28) are kept at the archive of the Commission in Washington, DC. I am very grateful to Mr. Albert Graham of the commission, who kindly sent me copies of the documents.

318. Cited in Gevorkyan and Petrov, “Terakty.”

319. Sudoplatov, P., et al ., Special Tasks , pp. 281–282.

320. See, for instance, Alexander Dolgun’s memoirs: Dolgun, Alexander, and Patrick Watson, An American in the Gulag (New York: A. Knopf, 1975).

321. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 203, 253; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 56.

322. Document TFR 18–19.

323. The NKVD “Warrant for Arrest and Search” No. 2634 dated February 20, 1939. There is a page No. 4 handwritten in the right upper corner of the document (Document TFR 18-23).

324. A Certificate of Rehabilitation No. 13/3-3940-92 dated July 28, 1992, and signed by Deputy Prosecutor of the Russian Federation G. F. Vesnovskaya (TFR 18-26).

325. The “Warrant for Arrest and Search” No. 2634 (TFR 18-23).

326. The “Excerpt” from the Protocol [Transcript] No. 1 of the OSO dated January 5, 1940. It has two handwritten page numbers: 145 (crossed out) and 162 (Document TFR-24).

327. The reverse side of the same document (Document TFR-25).

328. There are handwritten page numbers 284–286 at the right upper corner of the pages (Document TFK 18-20).

329. A Joint Decision of the Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers No. 251, dated February 8, 1947.

330. The same system was used, for instance, in the letter of Beria (then minister of the interior, i.e., MVD) to G. M. Malenkov, dated April 2, 1953: the name of Stalin was written by hand through the whole letter (see document no. 7 in Naumov and Sigachev, Lavrentii Beria , pp. 25–28).

331. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Nikolai, Vospominaniya [Memoirs] (Moscow: Pangeya, 1995), p. 344 (in Russian).

332. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” pp. 198–203; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, pp. 55–56.

333. A death certificate issued by the Northern Regional Bureau of Registration (ZAGS) of the town of Penza on January 20, 1948 (TFR 18-28).

334. A letter from the Russian Federation Security Ministry (currently the Federal Security Service, FSB), addressed to “The Adviser of the Russian President on the Defense Matters, D. A. Volkogonov,” signed by Deputy Minister V. Frolov and dated September 9, 1992 (TFR 18-27).

335. Pozniakov, V. V., “Tainaya voina Iosifa Stalina: Sovetskie razvedyvatel’nye sluzhby v SShA nakanune i v nacale kholodnoi voiny, 1943–1953 [Josef Stalin’s secret war: Soviet intelligence services in the United States before and during the early Cold War, 1943–1953],” in Gaiduk, I. V., N. I. Yegorova, and A. O. Chubaria, eds., Stalinskoe desyatiletie kholodnoi voiny: Fakty i gipotezy [Stalin’s Decade of the Cold War: Facts and Hypotheses] (Moscow: Nauka, 1999], pp. 188–207 (in Russian).