Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

231. Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 177; Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 52.

232. Special Prosecutor Tsaregradsky’s interrogation of Muromtsev on March 4, 1954 (cited in Bobryonev, “Doktor Smert,” p. 409, and translated in Bobryonev and Ryazentsev, The Ghosts, p. 83).

233. See, for instance, a letter written by a Nazi doctor, Joachim Mrugowsky, in September 1944 and presented at the Nuremberg trial on December 9, 1946 (cited in Taylor, Telford, “Opening Statement of the Prosecution, December 9, 1946,” in Annas and Grodin, The Nazi Doctors , pp. 83–84).

234. Cited in Harris, Factories of Death , p. 71.

235. “KGB Shows Off Its Past—and Present,” Russia Today Report , August 7 (1998) (on-line version).

236. Khokhlov, In the Name of Conscience , pp. 135–136.

237. Ipatieff, The Life of a Chemist , p. 232.

238. Ibid., p. 469.

239. Ibid., p. 399.

240. Ibid., p. 487.

241. Ibid., p. 382–388.

242. Ibid., p. 423.

243. See details in Dyakov, Yuri, and Tatyana Bushuyeva, The Red Army and the Wehrmacht: How the Soviets Militarized Germany, 1922–33, and Paved the Way for Fascism (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995), pp. 21–23, 178–189, and 193–203.

244. Bojtzov, Valentin, and Erhard Geissler, “Chapter 8: Military Biology in the USSR, 1920–45,” in Geissler, Erhard, and John Ellis van Courtland Moon, eds., Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development, and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 152–167.

245. See details in Nekrich, A. M., Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German-Soviet Relations, 1922–1941 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 52–60; Rowland, R. H., “Russia’s Secret Cities,” Post-Soviet Geography and Economics 37 (7) (1996): 426–462.

246. “Russia Gets EU Money to Destroy Chemical Weapons,” Reuters, March 2, 2000 (on-line version).

247. Voronov, Vladimir, “Prazdnik na obochine: Dlya chego Rossii nuzhno khimicheskoe oruzhie?” [A Party on a Roadside: For What Purpose Does Russia Need Chemical Weapons?], Sobesednik 20 (1997): 9–10 (in Russian).

248. “Soviet Officer Had to ‘Volunteer’ as Chemical Weapon Guinea Pig,” Agence France Presse, April 23, 1999 (on-line version).

249. Voronov, “A Party on a Roadside.”

250. Efron, S., “Russia Investigates Alleged Chemical Arms Smuggling,” Los Angeles Times , October 25, 1995.

251. “Chemical Sale Plan to Fund Russian Arms Scrapping,” Reuters, February 9, 2001 (on-line version).

252. Wheelis, M., “Chapter 3: Biological Sabotage in the First World War,” in Geissler and Moon, Biological and Toxin Weapons , pp. 35–62.

253. Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” pp. 156 and 162.

254. Ibid., pp. 160–161.

255. Heller and Nekrich, Utopia in Power , p. 228.

256. Popovsky, Manipulated Science, p. 10.

257. Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” pp. 160–162.

258. Yeremina and Roginsky, Rasstrel’nye spisky , pp. 36, 223, 256, and 290.

259. Ibid., p. 78.

260. Tucker and Cohen, The Great Purge Trial , pp. 102–104.

261. Yeremina and Roginsky, Rasstrel’nye spisky , p. 435.

262. Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” p. 162.

263. Alibek, Biohazard , pp. 29–32. See also Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” p. 164.

264. Report on the interrogation of the German Professor Heinrich Kliewe, head of the working group Blitzableiter under the Wehrmacht: “Bacterial War,” in Alsos Mission MIS, WD, c/o G-2 Ho ETOUSA APO 887, 13 May 1945, Report No. A-B-C-H-H/149, p. 7. National Archives, Washington, DC (NAW) RG 319, Box 3, Folder BW 14. I am grateful to Professor Geissler for kindly providing me with a copy of this document.

265. Rimmington, A., “From Military to Industrial Complex? The Conversion of Biological Weapons Facilities in the Russian Federation,” Contemporary Security Policy 17 (April 1996): 81–112; Bozheyeva, G., Y. Kunakbayev, and D. Yeleukenov, “Former Soviet Biological Weapons Facilities in Kazakhstan: Past, Present, and Future,” CNS Occasional Papers 1 (1999): 1–27, available at http://cns.edu/pubs/opapers/op1/op1.htm.

266. Cables No. 843 (dated April 23, 1943) and 1804 (dated July 31, 1943) from Washington to Moscow in Venona Historical Monograph No. 5, “The KGB and GRU in Europe, South America, and Australia”; available at www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/docs/Apr43/23_Apr_1943_R4_ml_p1.gifand www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/docs/July43/31_July_1943_R4_m2_p1.gif.

267. Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1990), p. 489; see also Harris and Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing , pp. 62–63.

268. Harris and Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing , pp. 117–147; Parker, The Killing Factory , p. 50.

269. Bryden, Deadly Allies , pp. 167–178; Parker, The Killing Factory , pp. 52–57.

270. Bryden, Deadly Allies , p. 176.

271. Ibid., pp. 168–171.

272. Annas, George J., and Michael A. Grodin, “Where Do We Go from Here?” in Annas and Grodin, The Nazi Doctors , pp. 307–314.

273. “Pentagon to End Secrecy About Poison Gas Tests,” New York Times , March 11, 1993. Also reproduced in Harris, Factories of Death , p. 239.

274. Bryden, Deadly Allies , pp. 162–166.

275. Excerpts from the “Letter No. 1 on XY [Scientific-Technical Intelligence] from January 27, 1941” (to: “Gennadii” and signed “Victor”); the “Letter No. 4 [to A. Gorsky] from March 15, 1942” (signed “Victor”); the “Letter No. 7 (XY) dated March 27, 1942” (to “Maxim” and signed “Victor”). The excerpts are reproduced in Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR , pp. 223–224 (document no. 91); p. 259 (document no. 117), pp. 259–260 (document no. 118) (in Russian).

276. The official Russian history of the Foreign Intelligence mentions information on “some types of chemical warfare agents” among other spy achievements of Gaik Ovakimyan in the United States (Primakov, Ocherki istorii , vol. 3, p. 177).

277. Smith, Bradley F., Sharing Secrets with Stalin: How the Allies Traded Intelligence, 1941–1945 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1996), p. 127.

278. Irwing, David, Hitler’s War (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977), p. 463.

279. Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” p. 163.

280. Report on the Polish Secret Army for the period 1942 to April 1943, submitted to the CCS (Combined Chiefs of Staff) on September 7, 1943. US National Archives, CCS.381. Poland (6630–43), sec. 1; cited in Harris and Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing , pp. 97, 275–276.

281. Harris and Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing , pp. 98–102.

282. About the short cooperation between the NKGB and the OSS, see, for instance, Deane, John R., The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia (New York: Viking Press, 1947), pp. 50–59; Smith, Sharing Secrets , pp. 169–170; Weinstein and Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood , pp. 238–264, and many documents in The OSS-NKVD Relationships (New York: Garland Publishing, 1989).

283. See Pavel Fitin’s letter to Maj. General John R. Deane, dated September 27, 1944; reproduced as Document 69 in The OSS-NKVD Relationships .

284. Sudoplatov, P., Spetsoperatsii , p. 619.

285. Memoirs of O. G. Shatunovskaya, cited in Antonov-Ovseenko, Beria , pp. 312–313.

286. A top-secret letter of NKGB Commissar Merkulov to the State Security Commissars of the Soviet and autonomous republics, 1941, German translation by the German Intelligence, in the Moscow Region Central Archive, fond 500, Op. 21452, d. 1. Cited in Bojtzov and Geissler, “Chapter 8,” p. 163. I am grateful to Professor Geissler for providing me with a copy of this document.