Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

17 Brink of death: Lin Ke et al., pp. 168–9.

CHAPTER 53 Maoism Falls Flat on the World Stage

1 Mao to Hill: 28 Nov. 1968, CWB no. 11, pp. 159–61.

2 –554 27 Oct. 1966: China Today 1992a, vol. 1, 252. Catastrophe likely: Dong Sheng, p. 593; Zhang Yunyu, in ZH editorial board, pp. 234–41; Lewis & Xue 1988, pp. 202–3. Subsequent tests failed: Gu Xiqiang, in ZH editorial board, pp. 229–32.

3 Meissner, p. 162 (East German ambassador Bierbach to Berlin, 10 Jan. 1967); Heikal interview, 18 Jan. 1997; interview with Dan Grove, then FBI agent in Hong Kong, 6 Oct. 2002.

4 –555 Entire missile arsenal: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 101. Mao speech 7 July: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 376–7. Russian aid essential: Lewis & Xue 1988, p. 199. “central task”: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 11. “shining beacon”: RR, 2 July 1967.

5 “Openly support the Burmese CP”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 376–7. Chou summoned Burmese: Yang Meihong, p. 69. Selecting Chinese wives: ibid., pp. 74–7. Promoting Mao: ibid., pp. 31–2, 230–40. Secret camps: interview with Belgian former trainee, 12 Nov. 1994.

6 “colonialists’ latrine”: Khrushchev speech, 12 Dec. 1962, in Floyd, p. 329. Mao to Somali: 9 Aug. 1963, Mao 1994, p. 502 (E: Mao 1998, pp. 383–4). Kashmir Princess: Chou “Intelligence no. 1 to Hong Kong Authorities,” 15 May 1955, says Peking knew assassination plot in Mar., Xiong Xianghui, p. 130; and Peking knew it involved a bomb on the Kashmir Princess, as Mao said Chou should change route and not take the plane: Tao Siju 1996, p. 153; as a result, Chou settled on Burma route by 28 Mar.: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 459. Chou received details on 7 Apr. of how the bomb was going to be placed on the Kashmir Princess, a full four days before the explosion: Cheng Yuangong, pp. 158–9. Peking withheld information: telephone interview with Peter Mahta, Air India’s Hong Kong office director at the time, 21 Apr. 2000; NA, FO 371/115133–4, 115137–41; Tsang. Hong Kong expels Taiwan agents: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, pp. 146–7; Xiong Xianghui, pp. 151–2; NA, FO 371/115139; Trevelyan1971, p. 159.

7 150 tons of gold: Dong Sheng, pp. 322, 326. “unconditional surrender”: Ran & Ma, pp. 22, 26, 33–5, 42. Urged Hong Kong radicals: Zhou Yi, pp. 225–7, 251–5, 260. Mao’s real line: Ran & Ma, pp. 35, 46. “Those who kill”: RR, 5 July 1967. Chou infiltrated soldiers: Ran & Ma, pp. 45–6; Zhou Yi, pp. 264–5.

8 –558 Torching British mission: interviews with 4 trapped staff; cf. Petri in Schoenhals 1996b, p. 172; Grey, pp. 60–75. Official sanction: Ran & Ma, pp. 5, 10–13, 22; Petri, cit., pp. 169–72. Mao apology to Kim: Lankov 2002, pp. 106–7; Il Ponte vol. 37 (1981), nos. 11–12, p. 1170 (Liu to Gomulka, Nov. 1960). “Kim Il Sung should be overthrown”: AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 7, p. 15 (Kang to Kapo, 22 Jan. 1967).

9 Sartre: Sartre, p. 13. 1968 “new phenomenon”: CWB no. 11, pp. 159 (to Hill, 28 Nov. 1968), 156 (to Balluku, 1 Oct. 1968). Sent European Maoists back: interview with one of them, 12 Nov. 1994; cf. Horne, p. 233. “Big, big”: Yun Shui, p. 186.

10 AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 20, p. 15 (Mao, 12 Oct. 1967).

11 –560 African radicals: ibid., p. 198. Sally to Mobutu: Mobutu interview, 28 Oct. 1994; Yun Shui, pp. 204–5. Offer to Nasser: Heikal, p. 283; Heikal interview; Harris, pp. 121–2; CQ no. 31 (1967), p. 217. Retreat to Khartoum: Elizavetin 1993, p. 64 (according to Chou to Kosygin, 11 Sept. 1969). No Arab condolences: Harris, p. 114. Latin American CPs’ visit: Anderson, pp. 616, 620; Johnson, pp. 162–3; Balanta, 32; Wang Taiping 1998, p. 497; Wang Li 1993, p. 144. Castro — Mao abuse: Feltrinelli, p. 300; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 497–8; Mao CCRM, vol. 7, p. 92.

12 Subverting Cuban army: Dominguez, p. 161. Mao — Guevara: Pang Bingan, pp. 169, 185–8; cf. Anderson, p. 620; Johnson, pp. 155–6. China refuses radio: Burr 1999b (Chou to Kissinger, 13 Nov. 1973). Kang on Guevara: AQSh, f. 14, 1968, d. 7 (to Balluku, 5 Oct. 1968).

13 Gorriti, pp. 131, 76.

14 Chou re pressure on France: proposal to Mao, Feb. — Mar. 1954, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 155–6; Pei Jianzhang, pp. 317–18. Mao halts Vietnam offensive for Korean War: cable, 16 Oct. 1950 in Zhang 1995, p. 70; cf. id. 1992, pp. 176–8; Qian Jiang, pp. 375–6. Navarre Plan: Qian Jiang, p. 395; Zhai, p. 45. Dien Bien Phu: interviews with two North Vietnamese officers present: Lieutenant General Uoc (then regimental political commissar, artillery unit), 17 Sept. 1996; Colonel Bui Tin, 28 Sept. 1996; cf. Zhai, pp. 45–9. “must have a settlement”: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 155. Mao to military adviser: Yang 2002, p. 4; Qian Jiang, p. 578.

15 Chou’s deal with French: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 171–2; Joyaux, pp. 239–44. Pressure on Vietnamese: Zhai, pp. 55–63; Viet Nam, pp. 18–23. Le Duan recalled: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 279–80, 286. Moscow ups aid to Hanoi: Gaiduk, pp. 27, 35ff. Mao — Kosygin: interviews with three Russian participants; Childs Papers, Box 2, Folder 1, p. 4 (Russian briefing); Troyanovsky, pp. 351–3. In western direction: Deng, in Brezhnev, p. 103.

16 Chinese wife for Ho: interview with Zeng Zhi (she and her husband Tao Zhu had a lot of dealings with Ho), 24 Sept. 1994. Chou against Soviet aid: in Westad et al., pp. 89–90 (9 Oct. 1964). Blames Hanoi for M. L. King murder: in ids., pp. 124–5 (13 Apr. 1968). Against Hanoi — US talks: ids., pp. 140–54 (Mao — Dong, 17 Nov. 1968). Too busy to receive: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 262; Li Danhui, pp. 144–5.

17 Chen Jian 2001, pp. 221–9; Zhai 2000, pp. 179–80; Tucker, p. 345.

18 –564 Splashing out aid: Li Danhui, pp. 146–7. Red Laotians: China Today 1989a, p. 560; BNC, 2000, no. 7, pp. 16–24. Third World Communists: interview with Nouri Abdulrazak, 1 Sept. 2000. Mao model no threat: Burr 2001, p. 77. “we are isolated”: Yang 2000, p. 43 (22 Mar. 1969). Plotting against Sihanouk: Sihanouk 1974, pp. 68–9; CQ no. 32 (1967), p. 224; CQ no. 34 (1968), p. 191.

19 –565 Indochina summit: Tian & Wang, pp. 151–6; cf. Sihanouk 1974, pp. 201–2. Princely tastes: Fallaci, p. 86 (Sihanouk interview); Sihanouk 1990, pp. 52, 112. Mao — Sihanouk: Chen Xiaodong, p. 194; SMMM, p. 43; Wang Taiping 1999, p. 74; Sihanouk 1974, pp. 207–10; id. 1990, p. 84. Pol Pot: Tian & Wang, pp. 166–71. London Times: 28 Apr. 1970. “Hanoi’s designs”: Kissinger 1979, p. 505. Satellite: Tian & Wang, p. 156; New York Times, 26 Apr. 1970; Li Mingsheng, pp. 50–1.

20 –566 Lin misreads: Zhang Yunsheng, pp. 332–3; Sihanouk 1990, p. 84; text: Mao 1998, pp. 444–5. Nixon — Kissinger reaction: Summers, pp. 371–2; Kissinger 1979, pp. 695–6, 509. “stinking scholar”: in Westad et al., p. 177 (23 Sept. 1970). Mao — Dong exchange: ibid.

21 Tucker, p. 519, n. 25.

CHAPTER 54 Nixon: The Red-baiter Baited

1 Only in June 1970: Kissinger: “by the end of June, we had received unmistakable signals from the Chinese that they were willing to reopen contacts with us” (Kissinger 1979, p. 509). Urgent invitation to Snow also in June: telephone interview with Lois Snow, 25 Apr. 2000; Yin Jiamin, pp. 205–6.

2 Invitation to Nixon: Kissinger 1979, pp. 701–4.

3 Invites American Ping-Pong team: Wu Xu-jun, in Lin Ke et al., pp. 306–10; Zhuang & Sasaki, pp. 274–83. “dazzling welcome”: Kissinger1979, p. 710.

4 –570 One commentator: Tyler, p. 91. “Nixon was excited”: Kissinger 1979, p. 711. US offer re Taiwan: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 12, 13; Doc. 35 (10 July, afternoon), p. 16; Doc. 38 (11 July, last talk), p. 10; Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, p. 40; cf. Holdridge conversation, 3 June 1998; Mann, pp. 32–5. Get Peking into UN: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 17. Dealings with Russia: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), pp. 28–9; Burr 1999, p. 49.