Jung Chang - Mao - The Unknown Story

5 Kissinger 1979, p. 749; International Herald Tribune , 1 Mar. 2002, p. 4; Holdridge conversation.

6 “mesmerised at”: Holdridge, p. 76; Mann, pp. 35–6. Indochina: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 17, 18, 15, 33, 25–6, 30, 34. “10,000 miles”: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 17, 27. Pull out of Korea: ibid., p. 38. Not asking China to stop aid to Vietnam: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 26. Chou hectoring: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 26, 27; Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 7; China not “aggressive,” US “cruelties”: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 42, 26. Kissinger to Vietnamese: Walters 1978, pp. 518–19. “very moving”: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 14.

7 America as “monkey”: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, p. 41. Chou: Nixon loose woman: Barnouin & Yu 1998, p. 108. “Britain, France … all become Red Guards”: Xiong Xianghui, p. 347. US still enemy no. 1: ibid., p. 348. Nixon’s arrival helped restore Mao: interviews with members of Mao’s personal staff, 22 Oct. 1993, 24 Oct. 1995, 19 Apr. 1999; Zhang Yufeng 1989 (E: id., pp. 30–1).

8 See Nixon straightaway: interviews ibid.; Lin Ke et al., p. 216; Kissinger 1979, p. 1057; Nixon, p. 560.

9 Mao — Nixon conversation: Burr 1999a, pp. 59–65.

10 Joint communiqué, Mao dictated: on 23 Oct. 1971, Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 3, p. 67 (E: Web/NSA, pp. 7–8).

11 conversation, 2 Mar. 1999.

12 –574 Hoxha letter: AQSh, f. 14, 1971–1972, d. 3, pp. 48–66 (6 Aug. 1971); Hoxha 1979, p. 578; Wang Taiping 1999, pp. 259–61; conversation with Fagu. Le Duan: Viet Nam, p. 43. Sihanouk on Chou: id. 1990, p. 58. Aid to Vietnam peak: Wang Taiping 1999, p. 51; Li Danhui, p. 147. From 31 to 66: China Today 1989, pp. 55–7. Mintoff: Carrington, p. 246. Mobutu: interview, 28 Oct. 1994.

13 Staggering aid level: China Today 1989, p. 68.

14 Hungriest years: Fu Shanglun et al., p. 9. Nixon in Shanghai: Ji Wei, p. 26.

15 Nixon de-demonized Mao: Nixon to Cabinet, 29 Feb. 1972; Kissinger briefing to White House Staff, 19 July 1971 (Nixon Project, President’s Office Files, Memoranda for the President, Box 88, File Beginning 27 Feb. 1972, p. 10; Box 85, File Beginning 18 July 1971, p. 4); Judis, p. 338; Graham, p. 79). Echeverria: Anguiano interview, 23 Nov. 1992. Australian ambassador: FitzGerald interview, 22 Jan. 1993. Tanaka: Nikaido interview, 23 Feb. 1993. Trudeau: Trudeau, p. 209. “Napoleon’s methods”: Nouvel Observateur , 13 Sept. 1976, p. 24 (Mao, 12 Sept. 1973). Heath: Heath, p. 632; Heath interview, 5 Jan. 1993.

16 –576 Australian premier: Whitlam, p. 60. “philosopher”: Kissinger 1997, pp. 28, 31. “The only objective”: CWB nos. 14–15, p. 60 (Kim to Honecker, 31 May 1984). Mao on military alliance: Burr 1999a, pp. 112 (Kissinger memo to Nixon, 2 Mar. 1973), 94 (Mao, 18 Feb. 1973); Kissinger 1982, p. 47; Wang Taiping 1999, p. 367.

17 To be led by America: Kissinger 1982, p. 55. Real thinking about “Soviet threat”: Burr 1999a, p. 99 (Mao, 18 Feb. 1973). Mutual enemy: Hanoi: Kissinger 1982, p. 57. Mao re women: Burr 1999a, pp. 92–5.

18 –578 Nixon secret letter to Mao: Tyler, p. 158. Kissinger’s “very secret group”: Burr 1999a, p. 144 (Kissinger to envoy Huang Zhen, 6 July 1973). US nuclear weapons to China: Tyler, p. 163 (Odeen memo for Kissinger, 8 June 1973); Odeen to authors by phone, 16 Feb. 2003. To his close circle: Burr 1999a, p. 149. “I have talked to the French”: Burr 1999a,p. 144.

19 Burr 1999a, pp. 48–57.

20 Decrepit aircraft: Hoxha 1979, p. 700; AQSh, f. 14, 1972–73, d. 11, p. 32 (Chou to Balluku, 1 Dec. 1972); CCP Archive Study Office 1991, pp. 209–20. Rocket chiefs involved: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 543. Selling nuclear technology: Tyler, p. 164. Brezhnev warned Nixon: Burr 1999a, p. 143. Mao envoy in Western White House: Tyler, p. 162; Yin Jiamin, pp. 295–8. “We have told no one”: Burr 1999a, p. 143 (Kissinger to Huang Zhen, 6 July 1973).

CHAPTER 55 The Boss Denies Chou Cancer Treatment

1 “no surgery”: Gao Wenqian, pp. 378, 512. Mao pretexts: interview with a doctor of Chou’s, 22 Sept. 1994; Deng Li, p. 170. Surgeons on standby for Mao: Lin Ke et al., p. 162.

2 –580 Gushing about Chou: Burr 2002, Doc. 40 (Memo for the President, 14 July 1971), p. 26. “secondary figure”: Kissinger 1979, p. 1059. “a nobody”: Nikaido interview, 23 Feb. 1993. Chou’s motto: Shi Zhe 1991, p. 526. Tested Mao’s medicines: interview with a doctor of Chou’s, 2 Nov. 1995; Yang Yinlu, in BNC , 1999, no. 8, p. 55.

3 –581 Mao demanded Chou self-denunciation: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, pp. 527–31; cf. Zhu 208ff. Chou humiliating speech: Gao Wenqian, pp. 375–7. Cancer worsened, Mao forbids surgery: ibid., pp. 512–13.

4 –582 “in two stages”: Deng Li, p. 173. Removing cancer: ibid., pp. 173–4; interview with a doctor of Chou, 22 Sept. 1994. Mao hypocritical message: Deng Li, p. 174. Foreign Ministry analysis: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, pp. 603–5; Mao 1987–98, vol. 13, pp. 356–7; interview with an interpreter of Mao’s, 21 Oct. 2000.

5 “bipolarity … was over”: Kissinger 1979, p. 1096. “My reputation has gone bad”: Fan Daren, p. 123. Kissinger changes position on Taiwan: Burr 1999a, pp. 114–15 (re Feb. 1973), 186 (to Mao, 12 Nov. 1973). “early warning” system: Burr 1999a, p. 204 (to Chou, 13 Nov. 1973). Kissinger heard no more: ibid., pp. 206, 212.

6 “had been wrong”: Dobrynin, p. 282.

7 Mao to Kissinger about Watergate: Yin Jiamin, p. 299 (E: Burr 1999a, pp. 181–2). Railed tirelessly: Chen & Zhao, p. 247; Nouvel Observateur , 13 Sept. 1976, p. 23. To Thais: Chatichai (present) interview, 5 Mar. 1993 (to Kukrit, 1 July 1975). To Heath: 25 May 1974, Mao 1987–98, vol. 13, p. 388 (E: Mao 1998, p. 456).

8 Rolls-Royce deal: CCP Archive Study Office 1991, p. 214; Mann, p. 76; Burr 1999a, pp. 175 n. 17, 423 n. 53.

9 –584 Disenchantment apparent: Burr 1999a, p. 206; Tyler, pp. 175–6; Kissinger 1982, p. 698; our interviews with Kissinger, 4 May 1995, and Lord, 27 Apr. 1995. Mao bad-mouths Kissinger: interview with Mao’s secretary, 24 Oct. 1995. To Heath: Heath, p. 495 (toned down in Mao 1998, p. 457); cf. to Pompidou, Nouvel Observateur , 13 Sept. 1976, p. 24 (“his remarks are often not very intelligent”). 21 Oct.: Burr 1999a, p. 400. Chou “sparkle … missing”: Kissinger 1982, pp. 687–8; interview with Kissinger. Subordinates attack Chou: interview with a person present, 26 Sept. 1994, 21 Oct. 2000; Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 634; Zhang Hanzhi, pp. 64–5; Zhang Zuoliang, pp. 310–11. After meeting with Nepal’s king: interviews with two people present, 24 Oct. 1995, 21 Oct. 2000; Gao Wenqian, pp. 475–6.

10 –585 Avoid Chou’s staff: Zhang Zuoliang, pp. 312–13. Chou supervised seizure of Paracels: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 645; Zhai, pp. 209–10, 264 n. 84. Pursued during blood transfusion: interview with a member of Chou’s staff, 22 Sept. 1994; Zhang Zuoliang, pp. 322–9. “Operations ruled out”: Gao Wenqian, p. 514. Chou begged: Deng Li, p. 178; Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 668. “Let him see Razak”: interview with a member of Chou’s staff, 22 Sept. 1994.

11 Mao had two years to live: Li, Z, p. 580.

CHAPTER 56 Mme Mao in the Cultural Revolution

1 “Chairman Mao’s dog”: interview with the public prosecutor of Jiang Qing, 13 Oct. 1993.

2 Personal vendettas: multiple interviews with victims like Wang Ying’s husband, Xie He-geng, and witnesses; Ye Yonglie 1996, pp. 1–18, 355–67.

3 New secretary’s experience: the secretary, Yang Yinlu, in BNC , 1998, no. 5, pp. 56–9.