Jean-François Sigrist - Numerical Simulation, An Art of Prediction, Volume 2

..Figure 3.7. Hypatia is played by Rachel Weisz in the film Agora [AME 09]Figure 3.8. Geoid: representation of the equipotentials of the gravitational fie...Figure 3.9. Lagrange points for the Sun and Earth. For a color version of this f...Figure 3.10. The Interplanetary Transport Network (ITN) passes through the Lagra...Figure 3.11. Signals sent between the Earth and the Cassini probe (green wave) a...Figure 3.12. Simulation of gravitational waves resulting from the interaction be...Figure 3.13. Aerial view of the LIGO interferometer in the United States (Living...Figure 3.14. First detection of gravitational waves, named after the day of thei...Figure 3.15. Examples of simulation in astrophysicsFigure 3.16. Highlighting the properties of certain numerical schemes [CHH 08]Figure 3.17. Stellar density map of our galaxy. For a color version of this figu...Figure 3.18. Stellar density calculations in a star cloud [LEE 17a]. For a color...Figure 3.19. Stellar density calculations [LEE 17b]. For a color version of this...Figure 3.20. Aquaplaning simulation [HEM 17]. For a color version of this figure...Figure 3.21. Illustration of Journey to the Center of the Earth [VER 64], plate ...Figure 3.22. Age of the oceanic lithosphere [MUL 11]. For a color version of thi...Figure 3.23. Recent seismic history of Italy (source: Emanuele Casarotti, Nation...Figure 3.24. Scenario for the L’Aquila earthquake aftershock: in yellow and red,...Figure 3.25. Traces of the earthquake on buildings in L’Aquila (source: ©Alain B...Figure 3.26. An underwater earthquake can cause a tsunami (source: © www.shuters...Figure 3.27. Estimated time for tsunami wave velocity induced by the Sendai eart...Figure 3.28. Tsunami wave height induced by the Sendai earthquake in 2011 estima...Figure 3.29. The Cumbre Vieja volcano in the Canary Islands last erupted in 1971...Figure 3.30. Experimental study of the flow of debris encountering a bumpFigure 3.31. Simulation of an avalanche of volcanic debris [KEL 05]. For a color...Figure 3.32. Red Fuji, Katsukicha Hokusaï (1760–1849), second view of the 36 Vie...Figure 3.33. Eruption of the Merapi volcano in 1930Figure 3.34. Simulation of the 2010 eruption of the Merapi volcano in Indonesia ...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Super Typhoon Maysak photographed by Italian engineer and pilot Sama...Figure 4.2. Emissions of substances into the Earth’s atmosphere (source: © NASA/...Figure 4.3. CO2 emissions from different sources (source: Our World in Data/http...Figure 4.4. Evolution of the average temperature at the Earth’s surface from 185...Figure 4.5. Meshing of the atmosphere (source: © ISPL/CEA-DSM). For a color vers...Figure 4.6. Numerical simulation of a cyclone off the island of Madagascar (sour...Figure 4.7. Simulation of wind conditions around: the wind scale is indicated in...Figure 4.8. Downscaling principle: local simulation on the Marseille region base...Figure 4.9. The main currents of the North Atlantic (source: © IFREMER). For a c...Figure 4.10. Offshore measurement system (source: © P. Lherminier/IFREMER)Figure 4.11. The international program “Argo” collects oceanological data throug...Figure 4.12. Evolution of ocean transport relative to the North Atlantic “convey...Figure 4.13. The Earth’s magnetic field measured from space (source: © ESA/www.e...Figure 4.14. Images of the magnetic field generated by ocean currents (source: h...Figure 4.15. The future of plastics production in 2015 (source: Our World in Dat...Figure 4.16. Estimated number and mass of plastic microparticles in the oceans [...Figure 4.17. “From mass production to mass production”: 3D printing to recycle a...Figure 4.18. The complexity of climate prediction models has increased in recent...Figure 4.19. The geographical resolution of successive generations of climate mo...Figure 4.20. Calculation of ocean surface temperature. For a color version of th...Figure 4.21. Contributing to the study of climate, numerical modeling is used to...Figure 4.22. Atmospheric simulations with cloud modeling (source: Kyle Pressel, ...Figure 4.23. Possible evolution of the Earth’s temperature under different green...Figure 4.24. Blue Marble: Earth photographed from space during the Apollo 17 mis...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. The Salamanca (1812) – schema first published in The Mechanic’s Maga...Figure 5.2. Evolution of world energy consumption between 1965 and 2016 (source:...Figure 5.3. Back body calculation for Ariane V (source: ©ONERA). Fora color vers...Figure 5.4. Smoke and steam rising above an industrial complex (source: www.123r...Figure 5.5. Simulation of a gas turbine ignition sequence [BOI 08]. For a color ...Figure 5.6. X-ray of the bones of a hand with a ring on one finger, Wilhelm Konr...Figure 5.7. Nuclear energy is obtained by fission or fusion: if the former is a ...Figure 5.8. Nuclear fission (source: www.shutterstock.com). For a color version ...Figure 5.9. Schematic diagram of the operation of a nuclear power plant (source:...Figure 5.10. Power map of a pressurized water reactor [CAL 11]. For a color vers...Figure 5.11. Multiscale thermo-hydraulic calculations of a 4th generation reacto...Figure 5.12. Calculation of the LES in an reactor mixing grid (source: Christoph...Figure 5.13. The energy of the Sun and stars comes from the fusion of hydrogen (...Figure 5.14. Obtaining a plasma in a device: example of the European JET “tokama...Figure 5.15. Simulation of turbulence developing in a tokamak. For a color versi...Figure 5.16. Global investment in renewable energy (source: Our World in Data/ht...Figure 5.17. The Three Gorges Dam (source: www123rf.com)Figure 5.18. Francis turbine (1956), at the leading edges of cavitation-eroded b...Figure 5.19. Mesh size used for LES simulation of a turbine body [DOU 18]. For a...Figure 5.20. Offshore wind turbine fields (source: www123rf.com/Wang Song)Figure 5.21. Flow calculation around a vertical axis wind turbine (source: Insti...Figure 5.22. Wind measurement mast on a wind site (source: Le Télégramme/https:/...Figure 5.23. Evaluation of a site’s wind resource (source: calculation carried o...Figure 5.24. Evaluation of the effects of sunlight on an urban area using dynami...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Excerpt from Jean-Baptiste Sénac’s book, Traité de la structure du c...Figure 6.2. “In silico” model and new generation “in vitro” model. For a color v...Figure 6.3. The area to be operated on, in this case a tumor, is identified on a...Figure 6.4. Assisted robotic surgery (source: Jean-Marc Baste, CHU de Rouen)Figure 6.5. Cardiac ultrasound (source: www.shutterstock.com)Figure 6.6. Cardiac MRI (source: www.123.rf.com/Weerapong Tanawong-udom)Figure 6.7. Identification of the main fiber bundles of the brain based on diffu...Figure 6.8. Electrodes placed on a skull to perform an EEG (source: www.123rf.co...Figure 6.9. Implementation of the MEG at the CEA NeuroSpin Centre (source: © P. ...Figure 6.10. Sequencing techniques allow scientists to decode the human genome f...Figure 6.11. Finite element model of a leg’s soft tissue (source: image owned by...Figure 6.12. Pressure calculated in a foot under pressure on the ground (source:...Figure 6.13. Excerpt from William Harvey’s book, Exercitatio anatomica de motu c...Figure 6.14. Flow of a microcapsule (100 large microns) into a channel of the sa...Figure 6.15. Numerical simulation of ellipsoidal microcapsules in a single shear...Figure 6.16. Principle of angioplasty (source: www.123rf.com/Roberto Biasini)Figure 6.17. Experiments on a silicone model allow to validate the simulations [...Figure 6.18. Numerical simulation of blood flow in an arteriovenous fistula [DEC...Figure 6.19. Calculation model and simulation of an MRI [FOR 18]Figure 6.20. Simulation of stent placement in angioplasty: personalized arterial...Figure 6.21. Coupled fluid/structure simulations in the heart: blood flow rate i...Figure 6.22. Simulations of blood flow in a right (left) and curved (right) arte...Figure 6.23. Simulation of the electrical activity of a portion of a virtual bra...Figure 6.24. Galway neuro-morphic processor (source: Timothée Lévi, Université d...Figure 6.25. Interfering brains and machines: a dream or a nightmare within the ...

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