Adrian Goldstein - Transparent Ceramics

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Imaging and thermal mapping of a 400 W metal-halide lamp with PCA...Figure 5.2 Various small, armor piercing, projectiles (medium-to-high threat...Figure 5.3 Schematic presentation of the way a copper shaped-charge forms....Figure 5.4 Imaging of the core of a 7.62 mm FFV AP round before impact (left...Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic of an impact in which the armor thickness is large ...Figure 5.6 The main wave types that form consecutive to the impacting of a c...Figure 5.7 Schematic of the main stages of the penetration process; small ar...Figure 5.8 Cracks system generated in an alumina target by a 6.35 mm steel b...Figure 5.9 Comminution zone, developing in the armor tile, under the nose (f...Figure 5.10 Schematic of the setup used in a depth of penetration (DoP) type...Figure 5.11 (a) Schematic and (b) imaging of an edge-on impact (EOI) test by...Figure 5.12 Ballistic cinematography of the impact, on B 4C/Al plate, of a st...Figure 5.13 Dependence of the cracking pattern on the nature of the target. ...Figure 5.14 High speed photography of EOI event (a, TiB 2plate) and simulati...Figure 5.15 Flash X-ray cinematography of impact of 7.62 mm AP projectile (s...Figure 5.16 Options for structured ceramic top layers on glass backing. (a) ...Figure 5.17 Mosaic of transparent Mg–Al spinel tiles with sub-micrometer mic...Figure 5.18 Ceramic Mg–Al spinel tiles (refractive index n = 1.72) with poli...Figure 5.19 Imaging of a transparent spinel (4 mm)/glass (46 mm)/polycarbona...Figure 5.20 Multilayer transparent laminate (2 mm thin sub-μm transparent AlFigure 5.21 Imaging of armor windows of the all-glass type (panel (a): bulle...Figure 5.22 Imaging and ballistic testing of transparent corundum single cry...Figure 5.23 Crater and cracks produced by the impact (at 540 m/s) of a 2.3 m...Figure 5.24 Pattern of the fracture system produced, on a spinel dome, by it...Figure 5.25 IR sensors protective dome made from alumina.Figure 5.26 IR sensors protective dome made of spinel ceramic.Figure 5.27 Very large cryo-vacuum chamber window, made of transparent ZnSe-...Figure 5.28 Polished polycrystalline diamond dome fabricated by CVD ( t = 1 m...Figure 5.29 Radome (transparent to MW range radiation) made of cordierite cr...Figure 5.30 Grand Canyon Skywalk imaging. (a) Laminated glass floor.(b) ...Figure 5.31 Composite windows made of fully-transparent colored tiles (each ...Figure 5.32 Cubic zirconia single crystal, ground and polished as a brillian...Figure 5.33 (a) Purple, (b) multi-color, and (c) tree-tone cubic zirconia si...Figure 5.34 Single-crystalline colored Al 2O 3gemstones: (a) Red r...Figure 5.35 Sintered polycrystalline gemstones made of different ceramics. B...Figure 5.36 Polycrystalline sintered Al 2O 3gemstone ceramics covering the ci...Figure 5.37 “Mysterium” watch by Krieger, made in Switzerland, with transluc...Figure 5.38 The Abbe diagram showing the relationship between the refraction...Figure 5.39 Tuning anomalous dispersion (partial dispersion ratio θ g,F...Figure 5.40 Small size ceramic zirconia lens fabricated at Fraunhofer, IKTS-...Figure 5.41 Porous near-green preforms (viz presintered at around 1000 °C), ...Figure 5.42 Pores size distribution in presintered zirconia preform.Figure 5.43 Dental products made of translucent ceramics. (a) Translucent al...Figure 5.44 Preforms and tooth parts made of translucent glass-ceramic.Figure 5.45 Operational configurations, hysteresis loops, and profiles of th...Figure 5.46 Electrooptic characteristics of PLZT slotted plate (6/95/3 compo...Figure 5.47 Anti-glare goggles based on PLZT plates kept under electric fiel...Figure 5.48 Vidicon type night-vision device the sensitive element of which ...Figure 5.49 Schematic illustration of radiative transitions between energy s...Figure 5.50 Energy schemes of amplifying media termed “Three-state system” (...Figure 5.51 Energy levels scheme of Nd 3+cations hosted by c-type site o...Figure 5.52 Schematic representation of a basic laser system layout.Figure 5.53 Comparison between the frequency profile of a fluorescence and l...Figure 5.54 Output frequency tuning by the aid of a triangular prism.Figure 5.55 Typical energy levels scheme of a material able to act as passiv...Figure 5.56 Reduction of pulse fluence by its travel through a passive switc...Figure 5.57 Theoretical bulk optical transmission of a saturable absorber as...Figure 5.58 Theoretical bulk optical transmission of a fast saturable absorb...Figure 5.59 Fresnel reflection corrected optical transmission of a 1.43 mm t...Figure 5.60 Examples of TEM profiles in the case of beams of cylindrical rad...Figure 5.61 Fundamental parameters describing the propagation contour of a s...Figure 5.62 Schematic representation of a laser system designed so as to sel...Figure 5.63 Output vs. input pump energy of an Nd : YAG laser un...Figure 5.64 Resonances fitting within the gain band-width of a laser.Figure 5.65 A laser system configuration (ThinZag design of Textron) allowin...Figure 5.66 Schematic of laser system design that includes a virtual point s...Figure 5.67 Lasing efficiency curves of some lasers based on rod shaped gain...Figure 5.68 Upconversion intensity at 410 nm (squares), 550 nm (circles), an...Figure 5.69 Ceramic YAG transparent fiber.Figure 5.70 Nd:YAG planar wave guide based laser-amplifier. (a) Schematic of...Figure 5.71 Radial distribution of temperature values in an Nd 3+doped Y...Figure 5.72 Cracking and breaking of Nd:YAG gain media as a result of therma...Figure 5.73 Radial variation of tensile stress level in YAG rod.Figure 5.74 Results of TRS related Weibull analysis for the case of as-recei...Figure 5.75 Results of thermal shock resistance data Weibull analysis.Figure 5.76 Transmission spectrum profile of ceramic Nd:YAG disc fabricated ...Figure 5.77 Fluorescence intensity of Nd:YSAG ceramic ( x = 0.3–2.0) and Nd:Y...Figure 5.78 Concentration profile, along a line passing over a GB, in the ca...Figure 5.79 Lu 2O 3doped with 10% Yb 2O 3specimens fabricated by HP + HIP: ima...Figure 5.80 Slope efficiency and transmission spectrum of heavily Yb doped t...Figure 5.81 Absorption and emission spectra of Yb 3+located in a transpa...Figure 5.82 Variation with temperature of the broad Yb 3+emission spectr...Figure 5.83 Transmission spectrum of YAG doped with Er 3+.Figure 5.84 (a) Lasing efficiency and (b) emission peak position of Ho 3+Figure 5.85 Nd:YAG ceramic laser based car engine igniter; (a) the gain medi...Figure 5.86 Nd:YAG ceramic based laser ignitor for breech mounted howitzer....Figure 5.87 Schematic of the system (includes 192 Nd:glass plates generated ...Figure 5.88 Lasing frequencies for which the specified TM +cations may f...Figure 5.89 Co 2+: spinel ceramic's transmission spectrum.Figure 5.90 Absorption spectrum of Co 2+: spinel ceramic with highlightin...Figure 5.91 Imaging of different optical quality Co 2+: spinel ceramic sp...Figure 5.92 Detailed calculated electronic level scheme of Co 2+located ...Figure 5.93 Plot of the absorption vs. incoming laser beam fluence ( λ =...Figure 5.94 Schematic of the electronic energy levels of Cr 4+and Cr 3+...Figure 5.95 Absorption spectra of Cr,Ca:YAG crystal subjected to oxidizing a...Figure 5.96 Effect of temperature on the spectrum of Cr 4+in the case th...Figure 5.97 Set up of system used for Q-switched (Cr 4+based passive abs...Figure 5.98 Lasing short pulse produced by the system depicted in Figure 5.9...Figure 5.99 Transmission spectrum of V 3+doped YAG fabricated at ICSI-Ha...Figure 5.100 IR absorption band of Cr 2+located in a ZnSe single crystal...Figure 5.101 IR absorption spectral envelope of Fe 2+located in ZnSe sin...Figure 5.102 Optical spectra of Cr 2+and Fe 2+hosted by chalcogenide...Figure 5.103 Schematic of SSLSs of various structure. (a) White light is pro...Figure 5.104 Spectral composition of light emitted by various illumination s...Figure 5.105 Emission spectrum of white light (cool = high CCT) providing SS...Figure 5.106 Emission spectrum of TC (YAG) type phosphor in which the Ce 3+...Figure 5.107 Emission (red line) and excitation (black line) spectra of tran...Figure 5.108 Emission spectra of Eu 3+in various transparent oxide ceram...Figure 5.109 Schematic of the Ce 3+cation electronic levels energy as a ...Figure 5.110 The view, along [001] direction, of a Si and Mg doped YAG latti...Figure 5.111 The position, on the CIE diagram, of Ce doped MYAS and YAMS typ...Figure 5.112 Schematic of the setup of a luggage inspection device based on ...Figure 5.113 Schematic of the scintillation process.Figure 5.114 Imaging and transmission spectrum of Li doped Ce:YAG ceramic us...Figure 5.115 Excitation and emission spectra of Li, Ce doped YAG ceramic....