Adrian Goldstein - Transparent Ceramics

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Phase diagram of the Al 2O 3–MgO system.Figure 4.2 Spinel (MgAl 2O 4) lattice. (1) oxide anions. (2) Al 3+cation. ...Figure 4.3 Morphology, size, and clustering pattern of three different spine...Figure 4.4 Pore size distribution of green bodies derived from SN1–SN3 powde...Figure 4.5 Particles (agglomerates) size distribution of SN1 and SN2 materia...Figure 4.6 Sintering curves of SN1–3 powders.Figure 4.7 Opaque white spots (regions not fully densified) frequently seen ...Figure 4.8 Transmission spectra of some spinel discs with different amounts ...Figure 4.9 Imaging of some transparent, medium size, spinel discs fabricated...Figure 4.10 Large transparent spinel windows fabricated by AS + HIP and HPin...Figure 4.11 HPing schedule when MgF 2is used as a sintering aid (see transmi...Figure 4.12 Large disc, produced by pressing followed by sinter/HIP at the N...Figure 4.13 Average and maximal grain size, as a function of sintering tempe...Figure 4.14 Microstructural patterns of transparent spinel ceramics fabricat...Figure 4.15 Carbon penetration into dense spinel. (a) Poorly sintered (white...Figure 4.16 Spectral effects of carbon penetration in spinel during HIPing. ...Figure 4.17 Transmission curves of spinel discs ( t = 3 mm) fabricated by sin...Figure 4.18 Bidimensional scatter function of spinel plates. IF – instrument...Figure 4.19 EPR signal of minute Fe 3+impurity present in spinel.Figure 4.20 Electronic spectra of sintered/HIPed spinel doped with TiO 2. (a)...Figure 4.21 Optical spectra of sulfur-containing materials. (1) Reflection c...Figure 4.22 Transmission spectra of T-gahnite ceramics. (a) First transparen...Figure 4.23 Phase diagram of the AlN–Al 2O 3pseudo binary system.Figure 4.24 AlON (Al 8(Al 15Vac.)O 27N 5) lattice model; projection along the [1...Figure 4.25 Shrinkage during dilatometric heating of two AlON powders.Figure 4.26 Diffraction patterns produced by translucent AlON specimens. (a)...Figure 4.27 Microstructure of dense AlON (polished and etched surface).Figure 4.28 Microstructure of dense AlON ( fracture surface).Figure 4.29 Transmission curves of commercial (Surmet) plate (2) and specime...Figure 4.30 Imaging of an edge-on impact between a steel ball and an AlON pl...Figure 4.31 Lattice structure of corundum (α-Al 2O 3); oxide ions in red.Figure 4.32 Microstructure of dense alumina ceramics (derived from highly si...Figure 4.33 Effect of residual pores content (a function of green body sinte...Figure 4.34 Characteristics of transparent alumina parts fabricated by the t...Figure 4.35 Characteristics of translucent alumina discs fabricated by PECS....Figure 4.36 Transmission spectrum of hot pressed MgO ceramics as a function ...Figure 4.37 Transmittance of MgO ceramics densified at low temperature by PE...Figure 4.38 Characteristics of MgO powder and dense ceramics used in fabrica...Figure 4.39 (a) Imaging and (b) transmission spectra of translucent CaO cera...Figure 4.40 Phase diagram of the Y 2O 3–Al 2O 3binary system.Figure 4.41 Fragment of garnet lattice and examples of T-YAG-based parts. (a...Figure 4.42 Morphology and basic particle size of YAG powder prepared by the...Figure 4.43 Shrinkage, during reaction-preceded sintering of YAG derived fro...Figure 4.44 Imaging and microstructure of YAG disc fabricated by sinter(air)...Figure 4.45 Transmission curves of undoped YAG discs fabricated at ICSI, Hai...Figure 4.46 Transmission spectra of Ce 3+containing YAG and the impurity...Figure 4.48 Electronic spectra generated by Y 2+(a d 1-type ion) formed i...Figure 4.47 Energy level diagram of Ce 3+in YAG assuming that its cubic ...Figure 4.49 Thermal conductivity of two garnets (single crystal state): YAG ...Figure 4.50 Optical spectrum of Yb-doped garnets: YAG (1) and LuAG (2) ceram...Figure 4.51 Transmission spectra of TAG ceramics, fabricated by vacuum sinte...Figure 4.52 Imaging and transmission spectra of some TGG ceramics, as a func...Figure 4.53 Images of Y 2O 3lattice. (a) Structure (cubic) stable at RT . 1 Ox...Figure 4.54 Sintered Y 2O 3ceramic exhibiting some transparency (central regi...Figure 4.55 Microstructure of sintered Y 2O 3ceramics. (a) Pure yttria showin...Figure 4.56 Transmission curve of transparent yttria ceramic (YTTRALOX) comp...Figure 4.57 Microstructure and transmission spectra of thoria-doped yttria c...Figure 4.58 Transmission spectrum of Nd-doped yttria (thoria) transparent ce...Figure 4.59 Lasing efficiency of specimen shown in Figure 4.58 (poor efficie...Figure 4.60 Effect of doping on the grain boundary mobility (Mb), at various...Figure 4.61 Dopants segregation at the GBs of yttria ceramics without amorph...Figure 4.62 Thermal conductivity variation, as a function of their Yb 3+...Figure 4.63 Transmission spectrum of Yb-doped Scandia transparent ceramic....Figure 4.64 RT , emission spectra of Yb, and Nd co-doped scandia ceramic host...Figure 4.65 Imaging and transmission spectra of two 10 mol% Yb containing lu...Figure 4.66 Unit cells of various zirconia polymorphs (states the oxide assu...Figure 4.67 Mechanism of crack arresting, operating in TZP ceramics of fine ...Figure 4.68 Dark field image of overaged PSZ-type zirconia ceramic showing t...Figure 4.69 TEM images of yttria-stabilized, superfine powder synthesized by...Figure 4.70 Stabilized zirconia powders, based on microspherical particles, ...Figure 4.71 The basic grains of the particles of Figure 4.67 (SEM on thermal...Figure 4.72 Sintering curves of zirconia green bodies formed by various proc...Figure 4.73 Transparent tiles of tetragonal ZrO 2(+3 mol% Y 2O 3) ceramic made...Figure 4.74 Microstructure of transparent cubic zirconia parts fabricated by...Figure 4.75 Optical spectrum of cubic (stabilized with 8 mol% yttria) zircon...Figure 4.76 Imaging of transparent plates, made of cubic zirconia, having va...Figure 4.77 XRD patterns of monoclinic zirconia powder compacts as a functio...Figure 4.78 Imaging of monoclinic zirconia discs ( t = 0.35 mm) as a function...Figure 4.79 Transmission spectra of as-grown zirconia single crystal and the...Figure 4.80 Transmission spectra of cubic and tetragonal zirconia ceramics d...Figure 4.81 Calculated transmission curves of sintered cubic ceramics with t...Figure 4.82 Imaging of CaF 2lattice. (1) Ca, (2) F.Figure 4.83 Imaging of transparent CaF 2ceramic disc and its absorption spec...Figure 4.84 HAADF-STEM image of Yb segregation at the grain boundaries of a ...Figure 4.85 Transmission spectrum (MIR range) of transparent CaF 2ceramics....Figure 4.86 Microstructure and imaging of Er-doped CaF 2. (a) Microstructure ...Figure 4.87 ZnS lattice. (1) Zn, (2) S.Figure 4.88 Transmission spectra of different grades of ZnS ceramics.Figure 4.89 Transmission spectra of two grades of ZnSe ceramic.Figure 4.90 Absorption spectra of some Cr 2+-doped ZnSe ceramics. (A) Pol...Figure 4.91 The unit cell of BaTiO 3.Figure 4.92 Phase diagram of the pseudo-ternary system PbTiO 3–PbZrO 3–La 2O 3....Figure 4.93 Imaging and transmission spectrum of PLZT thin plate fabricated ...Figure 4.94 Schematic of hot pressing system used for fabrication of transpa...Figure 4.95 Microstructure of PLZT ceramic (SEM on plasma etched surface)....Figure 4.96 The Δ n as a function of external electrical field strength ...Figure 4.97 The value of the R effcoefficient as a function of temperature f...Figure 4.98 Transmission window, in the NIR range, of ferroelectric lead-fre...Figure 4.99 Imaging and optical spectra of lead-free translucent ceramics de...Figure 4.100 Projections along the c -axis of α- and β-quartz lattices. (a) α...Figure 4.101 Transmission of grade Zerodur transparent glass-ceramic (Schott...Figure 4.102 The glass-forming regions of the SiO 2–Li 2O 3–Al 2O 3system. Q = q...Figure 4.103 XRD pattern of transparent glass-ceramic derived from the SiO 2–...Figure 4.104 Microstructure of phase-separated binary aluminosilicate glass ...Figure 4.105 Transmission spectra of a float glass plate and that of doped a...Figure 4.106 Imaging of the LaF 3nanocrystallites developed in a FOG-type gl...Figure 4.107 Fluorescence and lasing gain spectra of Nd 3+-doped FOG-type...Figure 4.108 Effect of mother glass composition on the habitus of crystals p...Figure 4.109 Dependence of transmittance of glass-ceramics and glass/crystal...Figure 4.110 Imaging and transmission spectra of transparent ceramics fabric...Figure 4.111 Imaging of ceramics, produced by full ceramming of glasses havi...Figure 4.112 Transmission spectrum ( t = 0.9 mm) of transparent ferroelectric...Figure 4.113 Variation of the dielectric constant, as a function of temperat...Figure 4.114 Hysteresis loops (the polarization vs. field strength curve) as...Figure 4.115 Characteristics of mother glass and transparent ferroelectric g...Figure 4.116 Transmission spectrum of TeO 2-based glass.Figure 4.117 Second harmonic signal generated by stress, induced by expansio...Figure 4.118 Transparent (IR range) glass-ceramic based on a chalcogenide mo...Figure 4.119 Electron density spatial distribution in chemical bonds connect...Figure 4.120 Imaging (b-panel) and lattice model of five shell basic particl...Figure 4.121 Phase diagram of carbon showing a region of stability of diamon...Figure 4.122 Bonding scheme and atom coordination pattern in diamond lattice...Figure 4.123 Transmission of diamond thin plates; CVD bulk diamond and type ...Figure 4.124 Industrial scale dc arc jet-type diamond deposition reactor in ...Figure 4.125 Imaging of the as-deposited surface of polycrystalline diamond ...Figure 4.126 Comparison of GaP transmission spectrum with those of competito...Figure 4.127 Bulk GaP plate produced by CVD; bottom piece is in as-deposited...Figure 4.128 Transmission spectrum of thin cubic SiC freestanding, polycryst...Figure 4.129 Small transparent Si 3N 4ceramic disc and its transmission spect...