William M. White - Geochemistry

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Important biogeochemical redox couples in natural waters.Figure 13.2 Contours of dissolved Fe activity as a function of pε and pH com...Figure 13.3 (a) Concentration of acid-leachable Mn in Lake Michigan sediment...Figure 13.4 Soil profile, illustrating the O, A, B, and C horizons described...Figure 13.5 Concentration profiles in a podzol developed on a Pleistocene be...Figure 13.6 Idealized weathering profiles. The soil surface is z 0. (a) show ...Figure 13.7 Plagioclase abundances in the soil of a 194 ka beach terrace nea...Figure 13.8 Comparison of plagioclase abundances in the weathering profiles ...Figure 13.9 Left frames compared the observed (solid points) abundances of a...Figure 13.10 CIA, CIW, and WIP weathering indices and density in soils devel...Figure 13.11 Watershed mass balance. Illustration of the mass balance approa...Figure 13.12 Stability diagram for the system H 2O, K +, H +, and H 2SiOFigure 13.13 (a) Stability diagram as in Figure 13.12. (b) Reaction progress...Figure 13.14 Ternary plot of SiO 2, Cl+ SO 4, and HCO 3used by Stallard and Ed...Figure 13.15 Chemical evolution of saline lakes and seas as a consequence of...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Typical temperate region temperature, salinity, and density vari...Figure 14.2 A two-box model of the ocean and the fluxes between them.Figure 14.3 Box model of ocean circulation through the major ocean basins, a...Figure 14.4 Histogram of elemental abundances in seawater. In addition to H ...Figure 14.5 Variation of potential temperature, salinity, and oxygen concent...Figure 14.6 Variation of temperature, ΣCO 2, pH, and O 2with depth in the sou...Figure 14.7 (a) measured in the same water column as Figure 14.6 (R/V Ron ...Figure 14.8 Typical depth profiles of two primary nutrients, nitrate and pho...Figure 14.9 Depth profiles of Si (a) and (b) Ge in the Pacific (red lines) a...Figure 14.10 Depth profiles of micronutrients Fe and Zn in the North Atlanti...Figure 14.11 Depth profiles of particle-reactive metals Mn, Pb, and Al in th...Figure 14.12 (a) A plot of salinity against potential temperature is linear ...Figure 14.13 Marine geochemistry of Mn, illustrating the range of possible s...Figure 14.14 Use of concentration–salinity diagrams in estuaries.Figure 14.15 Concentrations of dissolved Pb, Ni, and Fe measured in the Giro...Figure 14.16 (a) Shale-normalized are earth patterns (Section 7.2.2.4) in th...Figure 14.17 An active hydrothermal chimney (black smoker) in the caldera of...Figure 14.18 (a) Ca, Si(OH) 4, Fe, and K vs. Mg in hydrothermal fluids from T...Figure 14.19 Some of the important reactions occurring in mid-ocean ridge hy...Figure 14.20 Pressure-composition phase diagram for the system H 2O—NaCl. A s...Figure 14.21 Global distribution of dust, sea salt, and carbon and sulfates ...Figure 14.22 Variation of Ca 2+(black line) and (red line) concentrati...Figure 14.23 Shale-normalized average Mn nodule and crust rare earth pattern...Figure 14.24 Photograph of a manganese nodule recovered from the Pacific Oce...Figure 14.25 Concentrations of dissolved nitrate, manganese (a), and iron (b...Figure 14.26 Li concentrations in pore waters (red circles) and sediments (b...Figure 15.27 U concentration in sediment (black squares) and pore waters (re...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Chemical stratigraphy of the Bushveld Intrusion. Data from compi...Figure 15.2 Bulk silicate Earth-normalized platinum group element and gold c...Figure 15.3 Chromite bands of Upper Group 3 (UG3) alternating with anorthosi...Figure 15.4 Experimentally determined zinc speciation and solubility in NaCl...Figure 15.5 Experimentally determined cobalt speciation and solubility in hy...Figure 15.6 Experimentally determined copper speciation and solubility in hy...Figure 15.7 Gold solubility and speciation at 100 MPa as a function of tempe...Figure 15.8 Cross-section of a typical porphyry copper deposit illustrating ...Figure 15.9 Chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena mineralization associated w...Figure 15.10 Solubility of Cu and Zn sulfides. (a) Solubilities in fluids at...Figure 15.11 Hypothetical illustration of a mafic-siliciclastic volcanogenic...Figure 15.12 Model for the formation of Pb-Zn deposits in the Viburnum Distr...Figure 15.13 Archean (2.7 Ga) Algoma-type banded iron formation from the Tem...Figure 15.14 Shale- and chondrite-normalized rare earth patterns of Archean ...Figure 15.15 δ 56Fe in marine sediments through time. Highly variable iron is...Figure 15.16 The Salar del Hombre Muerto. Photo courtesy of Terry Jordan.Figure 15.17 Simplified Pourbaix or pε-pH diagram showing the conditions in ...Figure 15.18 Rare earth patterns of the Mountain Pass and Bayan Obo ore depo...Figure 15.19 Rare earth patterns in the soil profile of the Zudong laterite ...Figure 15.20 Primary and secondary dispersion around ore deposits and target...Figure 15.21 Electrochemical dispersion above a buried sulfide ore deposit. ...Figure 15.22 Cartoon illustrating how stream sampling followed by soi...Figure 15.23 Algae bloom in western Lake Erie photographed by Moderate Resol...Figure 15.24 The Río Tinto in southern Spain is discolored by the dissolved ...Figure 15.25 Illustration of some containment strategies to prevent acid min...Figure 15.26 Concentration of lead in ice from the Camp Century ice core fro...Figure 15.27 Atmospheric concentration of Pb in air over the United States s...Figure 15.28 Global mercury cycle. From UN Environment (2019).Figure 15.29 Average concentration of sulfate dissolved in rain across Europ...Figure 15.30 Change in nitrate wet deposition over the eastern US between 19...Figure 15.31 Monthly measurements of dissolved nitrate, phosphate, pH, ANC (...

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