Coastal Ecosystems in Transition

1 Cover

2 Title Page Geophysical Monograph 256

3 Copyright Page

4 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

5 PREFACE

6 1 Introduction: Coastal Ecosystem Services at Risk 1.1. WHY COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND WHY THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY? 1.2. THE 1999 COMPARISON REFERENCES

7 2 Recent Status and Long‐Term Trends in Freshwater Discharge and Nutrient Inputs 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2. OVERVIEW OF THE WATERSHED AND FRESHWATER INPUTS 2.3. NUTRIENT INPUTS 2.4. CONTROLS OF NUTRIENT EXPORT 2.5. MAJOR CHALLENGES 2.6. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

8 3 Sea State: Recent Progress in the Context of Climate Change 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. CHESAPEAKE BAY 3.3. NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA 3.4. PARALLELS AND PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

9 4 Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Changing Environment 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. STUDY SITES 4.3. HYDROGRAPHIC REGIMES AND NUTRIENTS 4.4. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS 4.5. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 4.6. PHYTOPLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTION 4.7. SYNTHESIS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

10 5 Eutrophication, Harmful Algae, Oxygen Depletion, and Acidification 5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2. SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EUTROPHICATION 5.3. PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS, HARMFUL ALGAE, AND MUCILAGE EVENTS 5.4. OXYGEN DEPLETION 5.5. OLIGOTROPHICATION 5.6. ACIDIFICATION 5.7. FUTURE DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

11 6 Mesozooplankton and Gelatinous Zooplankton in the Face of Environmental Stressors 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. OVERALL TAXONOMIC, SPATIAL, AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS 6.3. TROPHIC DYNAMICS 6.4. LONG‐TERM TRENDS 6.5. NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES 6.6. COMPARISON OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA AND CHESAPEAKE BAY 6.7. THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND THE OUTLOOK FOR ZOOPLANKTON IN THE NAS AND THE CB ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

12 7 Ecological Role of Microbes 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. BACTERIA 7.3. JELLYFISH BLOOMS AND BACTERIA 7.4. SECULAR CHANGES AND TRENDS IN BACTERIAL ABUNDANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY 7.5. CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

13 8 Advances in Our Understanding of Pelagic–Benthic Coupling 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. LAND‐WATER FLUXES AND SEDIMENT COMPOSITION 8.3. SUSPENDED PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER 8.4. POM DEPOSITION TO SEDIMENTS 8.5. BENTHIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND INVERTEBRATES 8.6. BENTHIC RESPIRATION AND NUTRIENT REGENERATION 8.7. ANNUAL MASS BALANCES OF C ORG, N, AND P 8.8. SYNTHESIS AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

14 9 Status of Critical Habitats and Invasive Species 9.1. INTRODUCTION 9.2. CRITICAL HABITATS 9.3. PRESSURES 9.4. SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

15 10 Status of Fish and Shellfish Stocks 10.1. INTRODUCTION 10.2. RECENT FISHERIES YIELDS AND TRENDS 10.3. FISHERIES RESOURCES 10.4. PREDATOR–PREY DYNAMICS 10.5. ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS: PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS 10.6. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

16 11 Ecosystem‐Based Management of Multiple Pressures: 11.1. SUMMARY 11.2. IMPACTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC PRESSURES ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 11.3. MANAGEMENT, MONITORING, AND MODELING REFERENCES

17 INDEX

18 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Mean riverine inputs and physical and ecological characteristics of...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Median annual inputs of freshwater (Q, km 3) and nutrients (10 6kg y...

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Estimates of phytoplankton primary production (PP) for different re...

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Frequency of Occurrence of Selected Harmful Algal Bloom Species in ...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Generalized monthly presence of common gelatinous zooplankton in Ch...Table 6.2 Monthly presence of common gelatinous zooplankton in the northern A...Table 6.3 Abundance of siphonophore species (nectophorae) in the northern Adr...Table 6.4 The number of metazoan zooplankton taxa in the northern Adriatic Se...

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Published studies that have investigated seasonal dynamics of micro...Table 7.2 Average bacterial abundance (10 6cells mL −1) and bacterial ca...

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Sedimentary organic matter: elemental composition (%), elemental ra...Table 8.2 Sedimentary organic matter in Chesapeake Bay: elemental composition...Table 8.3 Suspended particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (P...Table 8.4 Benthic fluxes (mmol m −2day −1) in the northern Adriati...Table 8.5 Benthic fluxes (mmol m −2day −1) in three regions of Che...Table 8.6 Tentative mass balances of C org, N, and P in the western part of th...Table 8.7 Tentative mass balances of C org, N, and P for the mainstem Chesapea...

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Lagoons of the Northern Adriatic Sea.Table 9.2 List of alien species in the northern Adriatic sea (updated major s...

9 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Ecosystem services impacted by increases in indicators of ecosyste...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 (Left) The mainstem Chesapeake Bay (CB), which runs 320 km from t...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Time series of annual freshwater input to (a) Chesapeake Bay and ... Figure 2.2 Boxplots showing seasonal loads of (a) total nitrogen (TN), (b) n... Figure 2.3 Time series of annual loads of (a) total nitrogen (TN), (b) nitra...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Bathymetry of the mainstem of Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries, an... Figure 3.2 Schematic response of an estuary to longitudinal wind‐stress forc... Figure 3.3 Flow response of Chesapeake Bay to Hurricane Isabel. Wind speed i... Figure 3.4 (a) Observed (solid line with a dot) and modeled (solid line) mon... Figure 3.5 (a) The difference between the present mean tidal range (MTR) and... Figure 3.6 Numerical results on the response of Chesapeake Bay to changes in... Figure 3.7 Adriatic basin topography (TS, Trieste; KP, Koper; VE, Venice; Go... Figure 3.8 (a) Bora and (b) sirocco surface circulations (arrows) from the R... Figure 3.9 Surface salinity averages from the ROMS reanalysis for the northe... Figure 3.10 Sea‐temperature transects along the open boundary of Figure 3.9.... Figure 3.11 Number of 5‐day‐long marine warm water outbreaks (upward bars) a...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Average monthly SeaWiFS satellite‐derived surface Chl‐a concentra...Figure 4.2 Long‐term CBP monitoring stations used in this analysis for water...Figure 4.3 Interannual variability of salinity and nutrients in the (left) s...Figure 4.4 Annual cycles of surface nutrients (NO 3and PO 4), Chl‐ a , and sali...Figure 4.5 Average downbay distributions of surface salinity, total suspende...Figure 4.6 Average annual cycles of (left) surface and (right) bottom salini...Figure 4.7 Relationships between average annual Susquehanna River discharge ...Figure 4.8 (Top) Interannual and (bottom) monthly variability of Chl‐ a in th...Figure 4.9 Interannual variability of Chl‐ a depth profiles in the Gulf of Tr...Figure 4.10 Average annual cycles of surface Chl‐ a by salinity zone in CB (s...Figure 4.11 (a) Average downbay distributions of surface Chl‐ a in CB, based ...Figure 4.12 Relationships between average annual Susquehanna River discharge...Figure 4.13 Seasonal patterns of abundance represented by monthly geometric ...Figure 4.14 Annual pattern of monthly mean phytoplankton abundance in the NA...Figure 4.15 Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing time‐series trends for P Figure 4.16 Change over time in the seasonal timing (phenologies) of maximum...Figure 4.17 Linear relationship between the NAO and the month of minimum Chl...Figure 4.18 Primary production and biomass (as Chl‐ a ) from a shallow station...Figure 4.19 The seasonal cycle of depth‐integrated primary production (mg C ...Figure 4.20 (a) Average downbay distribution of 14C‐based light‐saturated pr...Figure 4.21 (a–c) Average annual cycles of 14C‐based light‐saturated product...Figure 4.22 Cross‐system regressions of (a) mean annual surface Chl‐ a and (b...