Point-of-Care Ultrasound Techniques for the Small Animal Practitioner

24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1. Sterile probe preparation. Sterile probe preparation using a st...Figure 24.2. Compression technique to discriminate jugular vein from carotid...Figure 24.3. Ultrasound‐guided central line placement. Longitudinal vi...Figure 24.4. Ultrasound‐guided central line placement. (A) Transverse ...Figure 24.5. Probe head damage. Probe head damaged by chronic needling durin...Figure 24.6. Changing probe angle. Changing the probe angle until the target...Figure 24.7. Transverse orientation. Transverse placement of the ultrasound ...Figure 24.8. Ultrasound‐guided needle location. Transverse view showin...Figure 24.9. Femoral artery catheterization. (A) Orientation of the ultrasou...Figure 24.10. Compression technique for differentiating femoral vein from fe...Figure 24.11. Longitudinal orientation. Longitudinal ultrasound image for th...Figure 24.12. Chicken breast phantom supplies. Layout of most key items for ...Figure 24.13. Chicken breast model assembly part I. Fluid‐filled modeling ba...Figure 24.14. Chicken breast model assembly part II. Chicken breasts and bal...

25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1. Compression technique. The use of compression with the probe he...Figure 25.2. Optimizing color flow Doppler. Changes achieved by lowering the...Figure 25.3. Transverse (short‐axis) and longitudinal (long‐axis) orientatio...Figure 25.4. Slice‐thickness artifact and correlation between short‐axis/tra...Figure 25.5. Arterial thromboembolism comparing B‐mode to color flow Doppler...Figure 25.6. Thrombus associated with an adrenal tumor in a dog. The thrombu...Figure 25.7. Splenic venous thrombosis in a dog. (A) Abdominal ultrasound im...Figure 25.8. Femoral vein and artery at the AFAST cysto‐colic view in a dog....Figure 25.9. Aortic thrombosis in a dog. Shown is the aortic thrombus in bot...Figure 25.10. Aortic thromboembolism in a cat. The application of color flow...

26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1. Subxiphoid CVC view in a healthy dog. The probe is placed longi...Figure 26.2. Hepatic CVC view at the porta hepatis of a healthy dog. To loca...Figure 26.3. Paralumbar CVC view with both longitudinal (A) and transverse (...Figure 26.4. Probe placement and measurement for evaluation of the subxiphoi...Figure 26.5. Probe placement and measurements for evaluation of the intercos...Figure 26.6. Probe placement and measurements for evaluation of the paralumb...

27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1. Corneal opacity. Various types of corneal opacity can make dire...Figure 27.2. Opacities in the anterior chamber. Various types of pathology c...Figure 27.3. Ocular opacities. Structural opacities in the eye can prevent d...Figure 27.4. The bulging eye. Exophthalmos and buphthalmos can clinically lo...Figure 27.5. Ocular ultrasound setup. An assistant should hold the patient i...Figure 27.6. Probe with aqueous‐based gel. Do not use alcohol‐based ge ...Figure 27.7. Vertical probe position. The initial view should be with the pr...Figure 27.8. Horizontal probe position. This view divides the globe into upp...Figure 27.9. Lateral probe position. This view places the probe so that it d...Figure 27.10. Probe position from behind orbital ligament. If possible, palp...Figure 27.11. Normal ocular anatomy and ultrasound. (A) Illustration of norm...Figure 27.12. Optic nerve and optic nerve sheath diameter. Transpalpebral ul...Figure 27.13. Shallow anterior chamber. (A) Shows an eye with a shallow ante...Figure 27.14. Anterior lens luxation. This 3‐year‐old Jack Russell terrier p...Figure 27.15. Anterior lens luxation. The lens, highlighted by its relativel...Figure 27.16. Aphakic crescent. This illustrates the clinical appearance of ...Figure 27.17. Posterior lens luxation. In this eye with chronic glaucoma and...Figure 27.18. Retinal detachments. (A) Note the curvilinear bright line in a...Figure 27.19. Anterior chamber mass in a dog. (A) The left eye of this 9‐yea...Figure 27.20. Anterior chamber mass in a cat. (A) In this adult cat, the lat...Figure 27.21. Posterior segment mass in a dog. In this 7‐year‐old mixed‐bree...Figure 27.22. Optic nerve and asteroid hyalosis. Asteroid hyalosis, a common...Figure 27.23. Measuring globe size. The probe has been placed so that the ma...Figure 27.24. Retrobulbar mass/exophthalmos. (A) This 10‐year‐old cat has ha...Figure 27.25. Traumatic globe rupture in a dog. This unfortunate dog had bee...Figure 27.26. Globe trauma in an outdoor cat. This 3‐year‐old male Abyssinia...

28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1. Temporal acoustic window – for dorsal planes. Middle dors...Figure 28.2. Temporal acoustic window – fanning lateral for oblique dorsal p...Figure 28.3. Temporal acoustic window – fanning dorsal to ventral. Obl...Figure 28.4. Temporal acoustic window – oblique dorsal planes. Oblique...Figure 28.5. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.6. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.7. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal caudal plane (temporal...Figure 28.8. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempora...Figure 28.9. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempora...Figure 28.10. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.11. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.12. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.13. Temporal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal cranial plane (tempor...Figure 28.14. Subocciptal acoustic window. Sagittal plane of image (occipita...Figure 28.15. Subocciptal acoustic window. Dorsal plane of image (occipital ...Figure 28.16. Subocciptal acoustic window. Oblique dorsal plane of image (oc...Figure 28.17. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal plane from rostral window sh...Figure 28.18. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal plane rostral window, with c...Figure 28.19. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal oblique lateral plane from r...Figure 28.20. Rostral acoustic window. Sagittal (more) oblique lateral plane...Figure 28.21. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane, with comparative li...Figure 28.22. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning rostral, wit...Figure 28.23. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning caudal, with...Figure 28.24. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning more caudall...Figure 28.25. Rostral acoustic window. Transverse plane fanning more caudall...

29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1. Image acquisition at the rostral acoustic window – transverse p...Figure 29.2. Image acquisition at the rostral acoustic window – sagittal pla...Figure 29.3. Image acquisition at the temporal acoustic window. Pictures and...Figure 29.4. Image acquisition at the suboccipital acoustic window. (A) Pict...Figure 29.5. Landmarks at the bregmatic fontanelle and subocciptal acoustic ...Figure 29.6. Color flow Doppler mapping of vertebrobasilar system obtained a...Figure 29.7. Cerebral arterial circle on canine brain. Showing the cerebral ...Figure 29.8. Triplex Doppler with a spectral image. Triplex Doppler with a s...Figure 29.9. Triplex Doppler with a spectral image. Triplex Doppler with a s...Figure 29.10. Epidural and subdural hematomas. Sagittal plane obtained at th...Figure 29.11. Intraventricular hemorrhage. Comparative gross, B‐mode, and li...Figure 29.12. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage cases. (A) Sagittal plane at the o...Figure 29.13. Skull fracture. (A) Transverse plane at the rostral acoustic w...Figure 29.14. Intracranial mass lesion. (A) Focal lesion causing a mass effe...Figure 29.15. Ventriculomegaly. Transverse plane at the rostral window in (A...Figure 29.16. Hydrocephaly. Pulsed Doppler of right (A) and left (B) middle ...Figure 29.17. Intracranial space‐occupying lesion. Dorsal plane at tra...Figure 29.18. Granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME). Dorsal oblique planes...

30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1. Paravertebral approach. Insertion of the needle to perform a bl...Figure 30.2. Paravertebral approach. The acoustic window shows the C6–7 para...Figure 30.3. Paravertebral approach. Schematic illustration of the structure...Figure 30.4. Paravertebral approach. The acoustic window shows the C8–T1 ner...Figure 30.5. Paravertebral approach. Schematic illustration of the structure...Figure 30.6. Subscalenus approach. Dog positioned for subscalene block of th...Figure 30.7. Subscalenus approach. The acoustic window shows the ventral bra...Figure 30.8. Subscalenus approach. Schematic illustration of the structures ...Figure 30.9. Axillary approach. Ultrasound‐guided axillary plexus block bein...Figure 30.10. Axillary approach. Ultrasound image of the axillary space, per...Figure 30.11. Axillary approach. Schematic view of the structures present in...Figure 30.12. Brachial anatomy. Transverse view of the forelimb at the middl...Figure 30.13. Brachial anatomy. Schematic illustration of Figure 30.12. SP, ...Figure 30.14. RUMM block. Linear probe placement for radial nerve visualizat...Figure 30.15. RUMM block. The acoustic window shows the lateral aspect of th...Figure 30.16. RUMM block. Schematic illustration of structures present in Fi...Figure 30.17. RUMM block. Ultrasound probe placement to allow visualization ...Figure 30.18. RUMM block. The acoustic window shows the medial aspect of the...Figure 30.19. RUMM block. Schematic representation of structures present in ...