Veterinary Endoscopy for the Small Animal Practitioner

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 List of Contributors

6 Preface

7 Acknowledgments

8 About the Companion Website

9 1 Introduction and History of Endoscopy 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The History of Endoscopy 1.3 Clinical Application in Veterinary Medicine References

10 2 Instrumentation for Endoscopy 2.1 Endoscopy Room Setup and Organization 2.2 Instrumentation for Small Animal Endoscopy

11 3 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 3.1 Equipment 3.2 Technique 3.3 Esophagoscopy 3.4 Gastroscopy and Duodenoscopy 3.5 Colonoscopy/Ileoscopy 3.6 Therapeutic Flexible GI Endoscopy 3.7 Additional Techniques in GI Endoscopy 3.8 Care and Cleaning of GI Endoscopic Equipment References

12 4 Rhinoscopy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Indications 4.3 Instrumentation 4.4 Preparation of the Patient 4.5 Technique 4.6 Normal Nasal Cavity and Frontal Sinuses 4.7 Nasal Pathology References

13 5 Bronchoscopy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Equipment 5.3 Indications and Contraindications of Bronchoscopy 5.4 Anesthesia for Bronchoscopy 5.5 Bronchoscopic Training 5.6 Bronchoscopic Procedure 5.7 Normal and Abnormal Bronchoscopic Findings 5.8 Sample Procurement and Handling 5.9 Summary References

14 6 Cystoscopy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cystoscopy Indications 6.3 Instrumentation for Cystoscopy 6.4 Techniques for Transurethral Cystoscopy 6.5 Normal Endoscopic Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract 6.6 Diagnoses with Cystoscopy 6.7 Interventional and Operative Cystoscopy References

15 7 Vaginal Endoscopy in the Bitch 7.1 Canine Vaginal Anatomy 7.2 Instrumentation 7.3 Cleaning and Sterilization of Equipment 7.4 Procedures in the Bitch 7.5 Conclusion References

16 8 Laparoscopy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Indications for Laparoscopy 8.3 Instrumentation for Small Animal Laparoscopy 8.4 Laparoscopy Technique 8.5 Normal Laparoscopic Anatomy 8.6 Laparoscopic Abdominal Abnormalities 8.7 Diagnostic Laparoscopy and Biopsy Techniques 8.8 Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery References

17 9 Thoracoscopy 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Indications 9.3 Thoracoscopy Instrumentation 9.4 Thoracoscopy General Technique 9.5 Thoracoscopy: Normal Thoracic Anatomy 9.6 Thoracic Pathology 9.7 Diagnostic Thoracoscopy Procedures 9.8 Thoracic Operative Procedures 9.9 Contraindications for Thoracoscopy 9.10 Complications of Thoracoscopy 9.11 Conclusions References

18 10 Video Otoscopy 10.1 Normal Anatomy of the Ear as Seen Through the Video Otoscope 10.2 Pathophysiology of the Ear as Seen Through the Video Otoscope 10.3 Video Otoscopes 10.4 Video Otoscope Instrumentation 10.5 Video Otoscopy as a Diagnostic Aid – “In Examination Room” Use 10.6 Video Otoscopy Procedures Suggested Reading

19 11 Otheroscopies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Instrumentation for Otheroscopy in Small Animals 11.3 Transabdominal Nephroscopy and Ureteroscopy 11.4 Transabdominal Cholecystodocoscopy 11.5 Transabdominal Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 11.6 Prepuceoscopy 11.7 Laceroscopy 11.8 Drain Retrieval 11.9 Fistuloscopy 11.10 Oculoscopy 11.11 Oncoscopy 11.12 Oraloscopy 11.13 Laryngoscopy 11.14 Dermoscopy 11.15 Analsacoscopy References

20 Index

21 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Video systems for small animal endoscopy. Table 2.2 Rigid telescopes used for small animal endoscopy. Table 2.3 The 2.7 mm MPRT with available sheath selection. Table 2.4 Flexible endoscopes commonly used in small animal practice.

2 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Sampling recommendations for GI biopsies. Table 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of endoscopic or laparoscopic biopsies... Table 3.3 Skills that trainees need to become proficient. Table 3.4 Abnormalities found during esophagoscopy. Table 3.5 GI diseases without significant structural abnormalities for which ... Table 3.6 Definition of mucosal appearances evaluated endoscopically. Table 3.7 User‐related damage due to inappropriate handling and cleaning. Table 3.8 Troubleshooting guide for endoscopes.

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Common presenting complaints associated with nasal disease.Table 4.2 Historical information that is obtained for nasal disease.Table 4.3 Diagnostic approach to nasal disease.Table 4.4 Nasal and frontal sinus disease rule outs.Table 4.5 Rigid telescopes and sheaths used for rhinoscopy.Table 4.6 Rigid sample collection and operative instruments for rhinoscopy to...Table 4.7 Flexible sample collection and operative instruments for rhinoscopy...Table 4.8 Diagnoses of nasal diseases with rhinoscopy.Table 4.9 Tumor types diagnosed in the nasal cavity using rhinoscopy in 100 c...

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Indications, contraindications, and potential complications of bron...Table 5.2 Differential cell counts from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from nor...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Cystoscopy procedures.Table 6.2 Diagnoses with cystoscopy.Table 6.3 Indications for cystoscopy.Table 6.4 Cystoscopic findings in dogs and cats with pelvic fractures.Table 6.5 The 2.7 mm multipurpose rigid telescope and sheaths for transurethr...Table 6.6 Two additional telescopes and sheaths for transurethral cystoscopy ...Table 6.7 Sample collection of operative instruments for transurethral cystos...Table 6.8 Continuous flow cystoscopy telescopes and sheaths available for tra...Table 6.9 Deflecting mechanisms (Albarran levers) available for use in small ...Table 6.10 Instrument set for transurethral viscous fluid injection.Table 6.11 Resectoscope systems for transurethral cystoscopy in dogs and cats...Table 6.12 Flexible endoscopes for transurethral cystoscopy in male dogs.Table 6.13 Materials needed to establish a urethral percutaneous perineal por...

6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Indications for diagnostic laparoscopy in small animal practice.Table 8.2 Minimally invasive abdominal surgery procedures performed in small ...Table 8.3 Laparoscopic‐assisted techniques performed in small animal practice...Table 8.4 Equipment for abdominal insufflation in small animals.Table 8.5 Telescopes for laparoscopy in small animal practice.Table 8.6 A single puncture or operating laparoscope for use in small animal ...Table 8.7 Additional optional telescopes for small animal laparoscopy.Table 8.8 Trocar‐cannulas for laparoscopy in small animal practice.Table 8.9 Five millimeter CLICKline instruments for minimally invasive surger...Table 8.10 Instruments for laparoscopic biopsies in small animals.Table 8.11 Five millimeter instrument for minimally invasive surgery in small...Table 8.12 Ten millimeter diameter minimally invasive instruments for abdomin...Table 8.13 Three millimeter operative instruments for minimally invasive surg...Table 8.14 Ovary stabilization options and tissue extractors for use in small...Table 8.15 Minimally invasive surgery needle holders for intracorporeal sutur...Table 8.16 Handpieces for the LigaSure and ForceTriad vessel sealing devices.Table 8.17 Minimally invasive surgery clip applicators and linear stapling de...Table 8.18 Single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) access systems.Table 8.19 Five millimeter diameter curved instruments for use with single‐po...Table 8.20 Physiologic effects of abdominal insufflation.

7 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Indications for diagnostic thoracoscopy.Table 9.2 Indications for minimally invasive thoracic surgery.Table 9.3 Telescopes used for thoracoscopy in small animal practice.Table 9.4 Reusable trocar–cannulas for small animal thoracoscopy.Table 9.5 Disposable trocar–cannulas for thoracoscopy in small animal practic...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The first rigid endoscope, built by Bozzini in the early 1800s. T... Figure 1.2 A major step in advancing technology or endoscope development was... Figure 1.3 Representation of a light beam being bent as it passes from one m... Figure 1.4 As the angle of incidence of the light waves “α” increases, so do... Figure 1.5 Total internal reflection of light in a fiberoptic glass fiber oc... Figure 1.6 A coherent fiber bundle used for image transmission in flexible f... Figure 1.7 An image through a coherent fiber bundle of a flexible fiberoptic... Figure 1.8 An image through a coherent fiber bundle of a flexible fiberoptic... Figure 1.9 The light transmission system for a rigid endoscopic telescope wi... Figure 1.10 A small lightweight endoscopy video camera head with a separate ... Figure 1.11 An endoscopy video camera head coupled to a 10 mm diameter lapar... Figure 1.12 A surgery team utilizing video for laparoscopic surgery where al... Figure 1.13 A video gastroscope with a video camera chip at the tip of the e... Figure 1.14 An image of the duodenum in an 8‐year‐old neutered male 10 kg mi...