Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Bone interacts with many organs – the functions played by skeleta...Figure 7.2 The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is involved in bone formation...Figure 7.3 Osteoclast differentiation and function. (a) Formation of multinu...Figure 7.4 Sex steroid synthesis. Cholesterol is, through several steps, conv...Figure 7.5 Sex‐hormone signaling pathways. The sex‐hormone receptors (SR) ca...Figure 7.6 Pathways involved in sex hormone receptor mediated bone anabolic ...Figure 7.7 Impact of strain on osteoclast formation and activity. Loaded/str...Figure 7.8 Bone formation as visualized and measured with dual fluorescent l...Figure 7.9 The effect of mechanical load on bone cells. When female mouse bo...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Temporary anchorage devices are applied for the correction of var...Figure 8.2 Mandible sectioned into three regions bilaterally. Region 1 inclu...Figure 8.3 (a) (i) Finite element model consisting of (ii) miniscrew, (iii) ...Figure 8.4 Maximum von Mises stress values (in MPa) induced at various inser...Figure 8.5 (a) Stress distributions for a conventional screw with 1 mm thick...Figure 8.6 Histological section taken to assess bone‐to‐miniscrew contact (B...Figure 8.7 The positively and negatively influencing factors for the success...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Localization of the CR in 3D. Line of action of a force applied f...Figure 9.2 (a) Sagittal view of a tooth being displaced within the PDL resul...Figure 9.3 Hyalinization and the so‐called indirect resorption. There are no...Figure 9.4 Three constitutive models for the PDL are depicted (a), showing t...Figure 9.5 (a) Rendering of the 3D μ‐CT dataset (voxel dimension: 37 micron)...Figure 9.6 3D reconstruction of a μ‐CT scanned jaw segment of a 19‐year‐old ...Figure 9.7 3D reconstruction of the same μ‐CT scanned jaw segment as shown i...Figure 9.8 Measurements of the thickness of the alveolar bone for incisors, ...Figure 9.9 3D reconstruction of a detail of the root‐PDL‐bone complex. Note ...Figure 9.10 Detailed 3D reconstruction of the root‐PDL‐alveolus complex. Not...Figure 9.11 Changes of the position of the CRot when the applied force at th...Figure 9.12 FE model of the canine and premolar and a coronal section of the...Figure 9.13 Stress in the bone–PDL interface along the buccal–lingual direct...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 White spot lesions. Initial decalcification of the enamel with c...Figure 10.2 In the most serious cases, white spot lesions can turn brown in ...Figure 10.3 Absence of gingivitis, white spot lesions, and caries in the upp...Figure 10.4 Gingivitis, gingival enlargement, and inflammation associated wi...Figure 10.5 Inadequate oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment with fixed ...Figure 10.6 Patient with a fixed lingual orthodontic appliance, with widespr...Figure 10.7 Different types of fixed orthodontics retainers: the morphology ...Figure 10.8 Procedures for good oral hygiene with fixed appliances.Figure 10.9 Poor oral hygiene. Gingivitis with hyperplasia between canine (2...Figure 10.10 Impacted second left maxillary premolar with a curved root, mov...Figure 10.11 Mini‐implant used to anchor retraction of the anterior segment....Figure 10.12 Orthognathic surgery may cause statistically significant change...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Cytokines in GCF from experimental site/control site versus time...Figure 11.2 Velocity of distal translation (speed of tooth movement in mm/da...Figure 11.3 Graph showing effects of IL‐1B genotype (○ ≥1 copy of allele 2, ...Figure 11.4 Buccal view of isolated site showing GCF collection via paper st...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Gene expression in the PDL following orthodontic force applicati...Figure 12.2 Reaction of neural tissues to the applied orthodontic forces. cA...Figure 12.3 Remodeling of the PDL and alveolar bone following orthodontic fo...Figure 12.4 Reaction of the dental pulp to applied orthodontic forces. bv, b...Figure 12.5 Summary of the events that can accelerate or slow down OTM. PTH,...Figure 12.6 The resorptive lacunae destroying the cementum and dentin layers...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Various “omics” techniques and their roles in systems biology....Figure 13.2 Heuristic model illustrating the basis and rationale for conside...Figure 13.3 Development of precision orthodontics. *Human Phenotype Ontology...Figure 13.4 A Venn diagram illustrating the concept that the genomic/proteom...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sample from adult male New Zealand...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 In this experiment by Saito et al . (1991), human PDL fibroblasts...Figure 15.2 Human PDL fibroblasts were incubated without any added stimulati...Figure 15.3 Osteoclasts in the periodontium in 6‐week‐old male Wistar rats a...Figure 15.4 (a) Clinical tooth movement data registered on the hemimaxillae ...Figure 15.5 Effects of local injection of PTH on OTM. (a) In rats the right ...Figure 15.6 Time–displacement curve of the maxillary first molars of 6‐week‐...Figure 15.7 Comparison of RANKL distribution in rat PDLs with or without int...Figure 15.8 Effects of laser irradiation on M‐CSF and c‐fms positive o...Figure 15.9 (A) Effects of laser irradiation on RANKL positive cells as show...Figure 15.10 (A) Effects of laser irradiation on RANK positive cells as show...Figure 15.11 Kole’s surgical approach to accelerate tooth movement. Note the...Figure 15.12 Corticision as described by Park et al . (2006). (Top, left and ...Figure 15.13 Immunohistochemical staining for MMP‐9 after administration of ...Figure 15.14 Experimental tooth movement was suppressed in mice by β‐antagon...Figure 15.15 Inhibition of tooth movement by local delivery of OPG‐Fc in rat...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Alkaline (a) and acid (c) phosphatase staining of an inter‐radic...Figure 16.2 RAP intensity in relationship to the surgical procedure.Figure 16.3 Influence of a buccal corticotomy on the alveolar load transfer....Figure 16.4 The “Burstone and Pryputniewicz” curves showing the dependency o...Figure 16.5 The pattern of movement for a lateral incisor under various mome...Figure 16.6 The buccolingual stresses in the PDL of the lateral incisor in t...Figure 16.7 Adult patients with a Class II malocclusion treated with cortico...Figure 16.8 Limiting the area of surgical insult reduces the extension of th...Figure 16.9 Extending the area of surgical insult helps produce a regional a...Figure 16.10 Alveolar corticotomy in the direction of the movement on a tran...Figure 16.11 Interdental vertical corticotomies (left) and sub‐apical horizo...Figure 16.12 Alveolar corticotomy: rotating burs versus piezosurgery.Figure 16.13 Flow chart depicting selection criteria for the choice of bone ...Figure 16.14 A mix of bone grafting with PRGF.Figure 16.15 An allogenic membrane used to graft a large area of decorticati...Figure 16.16 Membranes of PRF.Figure 16.17 Centrifugated blood with the PRGF protocol.Figure 16.18 Membranes of PRGF.Figure 16.19 Piezocision performed on an upper canine to be mesialized. Note...Figure 16.20 MOPs created with a manual Excellerator.Figure 16.21 MOPs performed with a bur and dedicated handpiece.Figure 16.22 A 20‐year‐old woman with an open bite, thin biotype, and gingiv...Figure 16.23 A 22‐year‐old female with a skeletal Class III, narrow maxilla,...Figure 16.24 Buccal transmigration of the lower right canine over the midlin...Figure 16.25 A 12‐year‐old girl with transposition of the upper right canine...Figure 16.26 A 23‐year‐old woman with a Class II Division 1 asymmetric occlu...Figure 16.27 A young patient where four first permanent molars had been extr...Figure 16.28 Adult patient with two unsuccessful past treatments who present...Figure 16.29 Young adult female patient with a severe skeletal asymmetry, co...