X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences

1 Cover

2 Title Page X‐Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications Edited by Vivek Kumar Singh University of Lucknow Lucknow, India Jun Kawai Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan Durgesh Kumar Tripathi Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

3 Copyright Page

4 List of Contributors

5 Preface

6 Part I: General Introduction 1 X‐Ray Fluorescence and Comparison with Other Analytical Methods (AAS, ICP‐AES, LA‐ICP‐MS, IC, LIBS, SEM‐EDS, and XRD) 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Analytical Capabilities of XRF and Micro‐XRF 1.3 Comparison with Other Analytical Methods 1.4 Comparison of XRF and XRD 1.5 Comparison of XRF and Raman Spectroscopy 1.6 Conclusion and Prospects References 2 X‐Ray Fluorescence for Multi‐elemental Analysis of Vegetation Samples 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Features and Analytical Capabilities of XRF Configurations used in Vegetation Sample Analysis 2.3 General Sample Treatment Procedures used for Vegetation Sample Analysis using XRF Techniques 2.4 Applications of XRF in the Field of Vegetation Samples Analysis 2.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 3 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Tea and Coffee 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Equipment Used 3.3 Preparation of Samples for Analysis 3.4 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Tea Research 3.5 Examples of Practical Applications of XRF for Coffee Research 3.6 Determination of the Elemental Composition of Krasnodar Tea Samples by TXRF and WDXRF 3.7 Interelement Effects and Procedures of their Accounting 3.8 Conclusion References 4 Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence and it’s Suitability for Biological Samples 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Advantages and Limitations of conventional XRF for Elemental Determinations in Biological Systems 4.3 Factors Limiting the Application of XRF for Biological Sample Analysis 4.4 Modifying XRF to Make it Suitable for Elemental Determinations at Trace Levels: Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Spectrometry 4.5 Suitability of TXRF for Elemental Analysis in Biological Samples References 5 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence and X‐Ray Absorption near Edge Structure Analysis of Heavy Metals in Micro‐organism 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Effects of Heavy Metals on Microbial Growth 5.3 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Cycling of Elements Driven by Micro‐organism 5.4 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Transformation of Elements Driven by Micro‐organisms 5.5 Application of μ‐XRF and XAS in Understanding the Mechanism of Using Micro‐organisms in Bioremediation 5.6 The Advantage of Using μ‐XRF and XAS to Explore the Interaction Mechanism Between Micro‐organisms and Heavy Metals References 6 Use of Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence for Clinical Diagnosis 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Determination of Arsenic Concentration in Human Scalp Hair for the Diagnosis of Arsenicosis Disease 6.3 Determination of Lead Concentrations in Human Whole Blood Using EDXRF Technique with Special Emphasis on Evaluating Association of Blood Lead Levels with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Preparation of Sample for X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Solid Samples 7.3 Powder Samples 7.4 Liquid Samples 7.5 Sample Preparation for Infinitely Thick and Intermediate Specimen 7.6 Sample Preparation of Animal Cells 7.7 Sample Preparation of Plant Section 7.8 Precautions During Sample Preparation and Handling 7.9 Conclusion and Future Directions References

7 Part II: Synchrotron Radiation XRF 8 Elemental Analysis Using Synchrotron Radiation X ‐Ray Fluorescence 8.1 Importance of Trace and Ultra‐Trace Elemental Analysis 8.2 Various Methods for Trace Element Analysis 8.3 Comparison of TXRF and EDXRF Geometries 8.4 Synchrotron Radiation 8.5 Indus Synchrotron Radiation Facility 8.6 Microprobe X‐Ray Fluorescence Beamline (BL‐16) 8.7 Experimental Facilities Available on the BL‐16 8.8 Discussion and Summary References 9 Synchrotron Radiation Based Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Plant Materials 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Instrumentation and Sample Preparation 9.3 Case Studies Acknowledgements References 10 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Toxic Elements in Plants 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Advantages of XRF Technique for Plants Analysis 10.3 Preparation of Plant Samples for μ‐XRF Analysis 10.4 The Case Studies of Synchrotron μ‐XRF for Determination of Toxic Elements in Plants 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook References 11 Micro X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Earthworm (Benthonic Fauna) in Soils and Sediments 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sample Preparation Methods 11.3 Earthworms and Soil Ecosystem 11.4 Overview References 12 Synchronous Radiation X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Microelements in Biopsy Tissues 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Samples Preparation 12.3 Materials and Methods 12.4 SRXRF Measurements 12.5 SRXRF Biopsy Material of Living Organisms 12.6 Study of Elemental Composition and Inter‐Element Correlations in the Liver and Lungs of Animals with Food Obesity 12.7 Concluding Remarks References

8 Part III: Total Reflection XRF 13 Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of some Biological Samples 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Trace Element Determinations in Marine Organisms by TXRF 13.3 Trace Element Determination in Blood Samples by TXRF 13.4 Analysis of Saliva and Oral Fluids by TXRF 13.5 TXRF Analysis of Hair Samples for Detection of Metal Poisoning and Other Forensic Applications 13.6 Kidney Stone Analysis by TXRF 13.7 Elemental Analysis of Cancerous and Normal Tissues by TXRF 13.8 TXRF Studies on Blood and Heart Tissues as Biomarkers of Radiation Dose 13.9 Urine Analysis by TXRF 13.10 Nail Analysis by TXRF 13.11 Analysis of Human Eye Lens and Aqueous Humor of Cataract Patients 13.12 Future Prospects for TXRF Analysis of Biological Samples References 14 Recent Developments in X‐Ray Fluorescence for Characterization of Nano‐Structured Materials 14.1 Principles of GIXRF Analysis 14.2 A Few Case Studies 14.3 Various Computational Tools (CATGIXRF Paper) 14.4 Structural Analysis of some Complex Nano‐Structures 14.5 Characterization of Absorbed Impurities on Surfaces 14.6 Discussion and Summary References 15 Total‐Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Alcoholic and Non‐Alcoholic Beverages 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Features of Sample Preparation 15.3 Thin Layer Criterion 15.4 Quantitative Analysis 15.5 Angular Scanning 15.6 Absorption Effects 15.7 Method of Standard Addition Acknowledgements References 16 Trace Elements Analysis of Blood Samples and Serum Using Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Experimental 16.3 Sample Preparation 16.4 Applications 16.5 Conclusions References

9 Part IV: Beginner's Guide 17 Basics and Fundamentals of X‐Rays 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 17.3 X‐Ray Detectors 17.4 X‐Ray Absorption and Scattering 17.5 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Ray Fluorescence 17.6 Preventive Measures References 18 General Principle, Procedures and Detectors of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic Principle of X‐Ray Fluorescence 18.3 Small Spot Instruments and Micro‐XRF 18.4 Different X‐Ray Optics Configurations for Elemental Imaging in 2D/3D Using μ‐XRF 18.5 Conclusion References 19 Quantitative Analysis in X‐Ray Fluorescence System 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Components for the X‐Ray Spectrometry 19.3 Analytical Methods in X‐Ray Fluorescence 19.4 Concluding Remarks References 20 Electronics and Instrumentation for X‐Ray Fluorescence 20.1 Introduction 20.2 X‐Ray Sources 20.3 Solid‐State Detectors 20.4 Silicon Drift Detector 20.5 Noise and Readout Electronics 20.6 Signal Processing 20.7 Combination with Other Techniques 20.8 Conclusions References

10 Part V: Application to Biological Samples 21 Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Biological Materials 21.