X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences

1 Introduction 21.2 Theoretical Basics of EDXRF 21.3 EDXRF Instrumentation 21.4 Quantification of EDXRF Spectra 21.5 Sampling and Sample Preparation 21.6 Case Studies Acknowledgements References 22 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Milk and Dairy Products 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Conventional XRF 22.3 Total‐reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence Acknowledgements References 23 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Medicinal Plants 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Issues Highlighted in Publications 23.3 XRF Specifications Used in Analysis of Medicinal Plants and Medicines 23.4 Procedures of Plant Sample Preparation 23.5 Interelement Effects, Account Ways 23.6 WDXRF Analysis of Siberian Violets 23.7 Concluding Remarks References 24 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Animal and Human Cell Biology 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Applications of XRF in Cell Biology 24.3 Conclusion References 25 Toxic and Essential Elemental Studies of Human Organs Using X‐Ray Fluorescence 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Intracellular Trace Elements 25.3 Major Elements 25.4 Biological Molecules 25.5 Non‐Alcoholic and Alcoholic Beverages (Water, Tea, Must, Coffee and Wine) 25.6 Vegetable and Aromatic Oils 25.7 Conclusion References 26 X‐Ray Fluorescence for Rapid Detection of Uranium in Blood Extracted from Wounds 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Physical Properties of Uranium 26.3 Health Effects of Uranium Uptake 26.4 Current Uranium Contamination Inspection Methods 26.5 Usefulness of XRF Analysis in Uranium Determination 26.6 Examination of Blood Collection Materials 26.7 XRF Analysis of Simulated Uranium‐Contaminated Blood Collection Samples 26.8 Summary References 27 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Human Hair 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Human Hair 27.3 Methods and Materials 27.4 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 27.5 Correlation of Trace Elements in Hair 27.6 Conclusion References 28 X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry to Study Gallstones, Kidney Stones, Hair, Nails, Bones, Teeth and Cancerous Tissues 28.1 Introduction to Trace Mineral Elements in Biomedical Samples 28.2 Applications of XRF for Biological Specimens 28.3 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement References 29 Sampling and Sample Preparation for Chemical Analysis of Plants by Wavelength Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 29.3 Method of Analysis: Wavelength Dispersion X‐Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) Spectrometry References 30 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Medical Biology 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Role of XRF in Cancerous Diagnosis 30.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects of XRF in Medical Biology References 31 X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis in Pharmacology 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Equipment Used and Procedures for Preparation of Samples for Analysis 31.3 Examples of Applications of XRF for Pharmaceutical Products Research 31.4 Conclusion References

11 Part VI: Special Topics and Comparision with Other Methods 32 X‐Ray Fluorescence and State‐of‐the‐Art Related Techniques to the Study of Teeth, Calculus and Oral Tissues 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Conventional X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis 32.3 Synchrotron Radiation Induced XRF Analysis 32.4 Spatially‐Resolved XRF for Studies of Bonds between Tooth and Dental Calculus 32.5 Total Reflection of X‐Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) for Analysis of Metals in Oral Fluids of Patients with Dental Implants 32.6 EDIXS Microanalysis of the Local Structure of Calcium in Tooth Layers References 33 Lab‐scale Wavelength Dispersive X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Signal Processing Evaluation 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Fundamental and Layout 33.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 33.4 Applications 33.5 Conclusion and Prospects Acknowledgment References 34 Chemometric Processing of X‐Ray Fluorescence Data 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Principal Component Analysis 34.3 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 34.4 Partial Least Squares (PLS) 34.5 Other Methods References 35 X‐Ray Crystallography in Medicinal Biology 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Drug Design 35.3 Monitoring Changes in Concentrations of Trace Elements 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Historical Fundamentals of X‐Ray Instruments and Present Trends in Biological Science 36.1 Brief History of X‐Ray Fluorescence 36.2 Introduction 36.3 Nature of X‐Rays 36.4 Production of X‐Rays 36.5 Interaction of X‐Rays with Matter 36.6 Role of X‐Rays in Biological Analysis 36.7 Different X‐Ray Excitation Sources 36.8 X‐Ray Detectors 36.9 Polarization of X‐Rays 36.10 Quantization and Detection Limits of X‐Rays 36.11 Preventative Measures 36.12 Concluding Remarks References 37 X‐Ray Fluorescence Studies of Biological Objects in Mongolia 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Determination of Some Elements in Plant Materials of the Khuvsgul Lake Basin 37.3 Human Hair Studies in Mongolia 37.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Forensic Investigations in Mongolia 37.5 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Livestock Using XRF 37.6 Determination of Some Trace Elements in Foods Using XRF Acknowledgements References 38 Arsenic Analysis 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Arsenic Species 38.3 Gutzeit Method 38.4 Principles of HG‐AAS Arsenic Analysis 38.5 Problems in Yamauchi's Method 38.6 Selective Excitation of SRXRF 38.7 Stray Light 38.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 39 X‐Ray Fluorescence: Current Trends and Future Scope 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Principle 39.3 X‐Ray Fluorescence 39.4 Application of X‐Ray Fluorescence Technique 39.5 XRF Technique Used in Biology 39.6 Applications of XRF in the Study of Plant Physiology 39.7 Application in Animal Biology and Medicinal Biology 39.8 Applications in Nanotechnology 39.9 Methodological Improvement 39.10 Molecular Fluorescence Samples 39.11 Fourier Transform Infra‐red (FTIR) Spectroscopy 39.12 Novel X‐Ray Imaging Methods 39.13 Conclusion and Advances References

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Overview of some analytical techniques including AAS, ICP, LIBS, ... Table 1.2 Advantages and limitations of ion chromatography (IC) [3, 7]. Table 1.3 Advantages and limitations of SEM‐EDS method [3, 8].

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Features and analytical capabilities of XRF systems used in veget...

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Contents of some elements in the samples of tea (ppm) of differen... Table 3.2 Concentrations of elements in some coffee products (ppm). Table 3.3 Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) of some elements in co... Table 3.4 Description of analyzed tea samples from Krasnodar. Table 3.5 Range, mean ( C mean) and standard deviation ( S ) of elements' co... Table 3.6 The relative specific intensities of I relfor the analytical line...

4 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Some sample support materials suitable for use in TXRF analysis a...

5 Chapter 6 Table 6.1 Analytical results of Orchard Leaf (NIST1571) obtained from Compa... Table 6.2 Precision and accuracy of the method.

6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 A comparison of merits and demerits of EDXRF and TXRF techniques....Table 8.2 A comparison of analytical attributes of TXRF with its competitor ...Table 8.3 Various parameters of Indus‐1 and Indus‐2 synchrotron storage ring...Table 8.4 Various experimental parameters of the BL‐16 beamline.Table 8.5 Determined concentration values of different trace elements presen...Table 8.6 Observed X‐ray fluorescence intensity correlations of the differen...

7 Chapter 10Table 10.1 The application of XRF in plants.

8 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Confidence interval of concentrations of chemical elements in wh...Table 12.2 Results of liver sample analysis by TJP AES and SRXRF methods. C...Table 12.3 Spearman's rank correlation coefficients in liver in physiologic...Table 12.4 Spearman's rank correlation coefficients in lungs in physiologic...Table 12.5 Spearman's rank correlation coefficients in liver after intake o...Table 12.6 Spearman's rank correlation coefficients in lungs after intake o...

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