Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

1 Cover

2 Title Page Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry Edited by Peter P. Emily DDS Certification Periodontics, Endodontics, and Oral Surgery Hon. Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College Edward R. Eisner AB, DVM Diplomate American Veterinary Dental College Founding AVDC Certificate Holder Zoo and Wildlife Dentistry

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 List of Contributors

6 Foreword

7 About Peter Emily 1982 2005: The beginning of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation

8 Acknowledgements

9 Introduction Periodontal Disease

10 Part I: A History of Veterinary Dentistry and of Teeth, and Dental Therapy of Wild Animals 1 History of Veterinary Dentistry, Including Development of Oral and Dental Treatment of Wild and Zoo, Safari Park and Refuge Animals 2 Odontology Early Evolution Enamel Dental Evolution Molar Evolution References 3 Special Considerations Regarding Equipment and Instruments 4 Dental Form and Function as it Relates to Dental Therapy of Wild Animals References 5 Carnivore Dental Therapy 5A Conventional (Standard/Normograde) Endodontics Overview Atypical Tiger Apical Anatomy Bleeding Canals Posterior Endodontics Pulpotomies Apexification/Apexigenisis 5B Surgical Endodontics Mandibular Canine Fistulas Extra‐Oral Access Fistulas 5C Periodontics Tumors 5D Caries and Endodontic Access Preparation and Restoration Prosthodontic Crown Coverage 5E Combined Endodontic‐Periodontal Therapy 5F Oral SurgeryExtraction A Case of Surgical Extraction (see Figures 5F.5.1–5F.5.8) Case of an Orthodontic Problem Treated by Surgical Extraction to Alleviate Traumatic Occlusion in a Tiger (see Figures 5F.6.1–5F.6.11) Case of a Double Soft Tissue Flap Repair of a Large Oronasal Fistula in a Male African Lion (see Figures 5F.7.1–5F.7.11) 6 Herbivore Endodontic Therapy 6A Standard and Surgical Endodontics Root Canal Therapy in Herbivores Posterior Endodontic Procedure Reference 7 Marsupial and Herbivore Abscesses 8 Elephant Dentistry 8A Tusk Therapy for Hog, Walrus, Elephant and Hippopotamus Hog and Pig Tusk Therapy Walrus Tusk Therapy Elephant Tusk Therapy Molar Extraction Hippopotamus Tusk Therapy 8B Practical Elephant Dentistry Introduction Instrumentarium Common Dental Pathology of Elephants Requiring Intervention Dental Procedures for Elephants References 9 Primate Dentistry 9A Endodontics 9B Caries and Restorative Dentistry Restorative Procedures 9C Periodontal Disease Bone Resorption Reference 10 Avian Fractured and Maloccluded Beaks 10A Beak Fracture Repair A Case of an Ibis with a Fractured and Lost Gnathotheca (Lower Beak) Segment (See Figures 10A.1.1–10A.1.6) A Case of a Goose with a Lost Rhinotheca (Upper Beak) Segment (See Figures 10A.2.1–10A.2.6) 10B Orthobeakics Equilibration Case of a Toucan Malocclusion (See Figures 10B.1.1–10B.1.4) A Case of Cross‐Beak in a Great Horned Owl (See Figures 10B.2.1–10B.2.3) A Case of a Hornbill with a Damaged Rhinotheca (Upper Beak) (See Figures 10B.3.1–10B.3.9) 10C Beak Repair for AmphibiansA Case of an Amphibian with a Lost Mandibular Beak Segment (See Figures 10C.1–10C.5) 10D Beakistry Introduction Anatomy and Function Occlusal Biomechanical Aspects Diagnostic Methods Beak and Oral Cavity Disorders and Treatment Acknowledgments References 11 Marine Mammal Dentistry Introduction Disease Conditions Oral Examination Digital Intraoral Radiology Treatments for Fractured Teeth Exodontics Conclusion References 12 Practical Anesthesia for Captive Wild Animals Anesthetic Drug Protocols Summary Suggested Reading

11 Part II: Pertinent Dental Information, of 352 Species most often treated in Sanctuaries and Zoos 13 CarnivoresMandibular Function/Jaw Action Felidae: The Cat Family Felidae Masticate in a Tilted Sideway Motion 13A Big CatsBobcat ( Lynx Rufus ) Acinonox: (North America). The Smallest of the Lynx Canadian (Lynx) Acinonox; the Largest of the Lynx Caracal ( African Lynx ) Acinonox European Lynx Acinonox (The Middle Size of the Lynx) Cheetah ( Acinonox – Africa ) Cougar (Mountain Lion, Puma) ( North America ) Jaguar (South America) Liger (Sterile Hybrid of Tiger (Panthera tigris)/ African Lion (Panthera leo) ) Lion (African) ( Africa ) Serval (Africa) Tiger (Central and Western Asia) References 13B Small CatsAfrican Wild Cat Domestic Cat (Worldwide) Fishing Cat (Asia) Jungle Cat (Middle East, Asia, China) Ocelot (Southwest United States, Mexico, Central, and South America) Pallas Cat ( Manul ) (Central Asia) Savanah (F1 Hybrid: Serval and Domestic Cat) References 14 The Bear Family 14A Big BearsAmerican Black Bear/Brown Bear (Smallest of the American Bears) (North America) Cinnamon Bear (Cinnamon‐Colored Subspecies of the Black Bear with the Same Dental Anatomy) Grizzly Bear ( Omnivore ) (North America) Himalayan Bear (Asian Bear) Kodiak Bear (Omnivore: Phenotypical Grizzly) (Alaska) Polar Bear (Primarily Carnivore) (Arctic Circle) Spectacled Bear (South America) Sun Bear (Southeast Asia) References 14B Small BearsSloth Bear ( Asia ) References 15 The Primates Primates References 15A Lower Primates: Prosimians Aye Aye ( Africa – Madagascar ) Daubentoniidae Aye Aye: Rarest Primate, Not Closely Related to Other Lemurs (Africa) Bush Baby (Africa) Indri (Indrisoid Lemurs) (Africa – Madagascar) Lemurs (Madagascar) Flying Lemurs Philippine Colugo (S. Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo Flying Lemur Loris (Asia, Africa) Potto (Africa) Sifaka (Madagascar) Tarsier ( Southeast Asia ) References 15B Higher PrimatesNew World Monkeys Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia) Yellow Baboon APES Suborder Anthropoidea: Have wide open apices – must verify endodontic health with radiographs Great Apes References 16 Tree Shrews Common Tree Shrew (South Malaysia, Indonesia, and Philippines) Reference 17 The Dog Family African Wild Dog (African Painted Dog) Coyote (North America) Dhole ( Asiatic Wild Dog, Indian Wild Dog ) Dingo (Australia) Domestic Dog (Various Breeds Worldwide) Foxes Jackal (Africa) Wolves Reference 18 The Racoon Family Coatimundi (Coati) (South America) Raccoon (North America) Giant Panda (Panda Bear) (China) Red Panda (Nepal, Myanmar and Northern China) Kinkajou (Central and South America) References 19 The Weasel FamilyMustelidea Black‐Footed Ferret (American Polecat) ( North America ) Domestic Ferret ( North America ) Martens Mink Striped Skunk (Canada, United States and Northern Mexico) Weasel ( North America ) Wolverine ( Northern Canada and Alaska ): Largest of the Terrestrial Mustelids Otters References 20 The Mongoose FamilyBinturong (Bear Cat) ( South and Southeast Asia ) Civet ( Asia and Africa ) Genet ( Africa ) Meerkats (Botswana, Namibia, Angola, and South Africa) References 21 The Hyena Family Aardwolf (East and Southern Africa) Brown Hyena (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Southern Mozambique and South Africa): Least Common of the Hyenas; Smaller than the Spotted Hyena Spotted Hyena (Laughing Hyena) (Sub‐Saharan Africa): Day Hunter Striped Hyena ( Middle East, North and East Africa ): Night Hunter References 22 Marsupials American Opossum (North and South America) Bandicoots and Bilbies (Australia, New Guinea) Cuscuses and Brushtail Possums (Australian Possum) Honey Possum (Australia) Kangaroos, Wallabies, and Wombats (Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea) Grazers or Browsers Kangaroo Koala (South Australia): Eucalyptus Forests Marsupial Carnivores Ringtails, Pygmy Possums, Gliders (Mostly Australia, with One Species in Papua New Guinea) Wombat (Australia) References 23 Large Herbivores 23A Primitive Ungulates References 23B The Hoofed MammalsOdd‐Toed Ungulates Feeding Adaptations Even‐Toed Ungulates Ruminant Even‐Toed Ungulates References 24 Small Herbivores Feeding Adaptations 24A Squirrel‐Like Rodents Squirrels 24B Mouse‐Like RodentsDormouse Gerbil (Africa, India, and Asia) Hamsters (Syria, Israel, and USA) Pocket Mice (America) New World Rats and Mice Old World Rats and Mice (89 Genera; 408 Species) Voles and Lemmings 24C Cavy‐Like Rodents Histricomorph Rodents: Capybara, Porcupine, Nutria, Chinchilla Capybara (Central and South America) Cavies New World Porcupines 24D Other Cavy‐Like Rodents 24E Old World Porcupines References 25 Lagomorphs North American Pika Rabbits and Hares References 26 Elephant‐Shrew 27 InsectivoresInsectivores (Shrews, Moles, and Hedgehogs) References 28 EdentatesAnteater (Central and South America) Armadillo‐Nine‐Banded (Southern North America, Central and South America) Armadillos‐Giant [