Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

6 Chapter 5BFigure 5B.18.1 An eight‐year old wolf has a complicated crown fracture of th...Figure 5B.18.2 An eight‐year old wolf. The intra‐oral surgical incision is a...Figure 5B.18.3 Eight‐year old wolf. Standard root canal therapy has been com...Figure 5B.18.4 Eight‐year old wolf. Retrograde exposure and apicoectomy has ...Figure 5B.18.5 Eight‐year old wolf. X‐ray, showing the apicoectomy and back‐...Figure 5B.18.5a After the apicoectomy, above, a slot preparation, as shown, ...Figure 5B.18.6 Eight‐year old wolf. The surgical site has been closed with c...Figure 5B.19.1 18‐year‐old, 260 lb./118 kg, Fs tiger.Figure 5B.19.2 Mandibular canine fistulous Tract (◯). A draining tract can b...Figure 5B.19.3 Lower right canine #404 abscess (◯).Figure 5B.19.4 71 mm working length.Figure 5B.19.5 Open apex.Figure 5B.19.6 There had been intermittent draining for five years. There wa...Figure 5B.19.7 Crown‐down root canal preparation and obturation.Figure 5B.19.8 Chlorhexidine scrub and an extra‐oral 3‐inch incision was mad...Figure 5B.19.9 The retrograde preparation was performed with a #2 round bur....Figure 5B.19.10 The coronal access was prepared with a barrel diamond bur, a...

7 Chapter 5DFigure 5D.1 Jaguar: root canal therapy, prosthesis and TMS pin restorative r...Figure 5D.2 Jaguar: Crown placement and occlusal evaluation.

8 Chapter 5EFigure 5E.1 An 18‐year old, 410 lb. Tiger with a complicated crown‐root frac...Figure 5E.2 Standard root canal therapy has been performed and a gingivectom...Figure 5E.3 Osteoplasty and odontoplasty are being performed with a diamond ...Figure 5E.4 Z‐250 3M posterior composite is being placed to re‐conform a hea...Figure 5E.5 The surface restoration is smoothed with a plastic placement ins...Figure 5E.6 The restoration is light‐cured.Figure 5E.7 The finished treatment showing a healthy gingival margin.Figure 5E.8 Diagram of infra‐bony pocket created from long axis crown fractu...Figure 5E.9.1 Apically repositioned flap in the left lower canine #304 of a ...Figure 5E.9.2 One‐year postoperative image in same tiger (above).

9 Chapter 5FFigure 5F.1 A powerful, portable dental delivery system. Electrical surgery ...Figure 5F.2 An electro‐surgical unit provides reduced bleeding compared to c...Figure 5F.3 A set of equine wolf‐tooth elevators are more stout than small a...Figure 5F.4 Equine extracting forceps offer a mechanical advantage.Figure 5F.5.1 20‐year old, 425 lb. tiger. A full‐thickness gingival flap has...Figure 5F.5.2 20‐year old, 425 lb. tiger. A 10 mm Osteotome and mallet can s...Figure 5F.5.3 A 1 in./2.54 cm gouge and mallet. Occasional use of this instr...Figure 5F.5.4 A 10 mm bone curet is useful to remove bacteria‐laden granulom...Figure 5F.5.5 A large double‐action Rongeur forceps facilitates removal of s...Figure 5F.5.6 Oral surgery can be accompanied by significant bleeding.Figure 5F.5.7 A portable suction machine is also a tremendous asset, improvi...Figure 5F.5.8 The surgery site was closed with a full‐thickness gingival adv...Figure 5F.6.1 Six‐year‐old Bengal Tiger Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae, Panter...Figure 5F.6.2 Notice the wry bite ( ) overjet and traumatic occlusion (canin...Figure 5F.6.3 The tiger’s lower left canine had been previously shortened an...Figure 5F.6.4 The tiger’s right rostral diastema is wide enough with space f...Figure 5F.6.5 However, the cat’s left rostral diastema is too narrow to acce...Figure 5F.6.6 The tooth had been shortened previously twice by the sanctuary...Figure 5F.6.7 The pulp canal is close to exposure.Figure 5F.6.8 The decision was made to extract the left upper 3 rdincisor #2...Figure 5F.6.9 #304 was surgically extracted, and the site closed with absorb...Figure 5F.6.10 An X‐ray showed that the extraction was complete.Figure 5F.6.11 After extracting the left 3 rdincisor #203, the previously co...Figure 5F.7.1 A male African lion, Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae, Pantera leo...Figure 5F.7.2 Oronasal fistula (( )) which resulted when the maxillary canin...Figure 5F.7.3 An X‐ray shows a retained root tip (( )).Figure 5F.7.4 A fenestration was created (( )), to remove as little bone as ...Figure 5F.7.5 Root tip has been retrieved.Figure 5F.7.6 The palatal flap is raised, based on the palatal margin of the...Figure 5F.7.7 When it was apparent that we would not have enough palatal sof...Figure 5F.7.8 The palatal flap is folded back over the fistula and sutured t...Figure 5F.7.9 The second flap is a mucosal flap, rotated from the inner side...Figure 5F.7.10 Postoperatively, the double‐flap procedure appears secure....Figure 5F.7.11 Six‐month recheck: well‐healed and stable tissue.

10 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Alpaca: Apicoectomy Pre‐op photograph.Figure 6.2 Alpaca: Prepared for surgical endodontics.Figure 6.3 Alpaca: Pre‐op radiograph – notice necrotic (→) vs. vital root ca...Figure 6.4 Alpaca: Surgical endodontic preparation.Figure 6.5 Alpaca: Preparation Measurement.Figures 6.6 and 6.7 SUPEREBA root canal cement. The alumina provides increas...Figure 6.8 Alpaca: Placement of SUPEREBA cement.Figure 6.9 Alpaca: radiograph of finished apicoectomy.

11 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Lumpy jaw in a wallaby.Figure 7.2 Camel mandible “lumpy jaw” pathology.Figure 7.3 Buccotomy exposure.Figure 7.4 Extraction of involved dentition.

12 Chapter 8AFigure 8A.1 Hippopotamus in a cement pool.Figure 8A.2 Hippopotamus: Example of extensive incisal occlusal abrasions to...Figure 8A.3 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Local anesthesia (epinephrine‐free...Figure 8A.4 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Sharp pulp dissection.Figure 8A.5 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Post pulp dissection.Figure 8A.6 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: MTA/Portland cement placement.Figure 8A.7 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Placement of chemically cured comp...Figure 8A.8 Hippopotamus vital pulpotomy: Postop of final restorations.

13 Chapter 8BFigure 8B.1 A 3D reconstructed computed tomography (CT) image of the mandibl...Figure 8B.2 The pulp of the elephant tusk has a conical shape with the wides...Figure 8B.3 An obvious complicated crown (tusk) fracture of the left tusk in...Figure 8B.4 The fracture of this adult African elephant bull’s left tusk is ...Figure 8B.5 Use of a good headlamp is indispensable while working on elephan...Figure 8B.6 The author (Right) together with Prof. Adrian Tordiffe. All the ...Figure 8B.7 When an elephant is anesthetized for a dental procedure, the ane...Figure 8B.8 Elephant anesthesia can be extremely taxing and the position thi...Figure 8B.9 Since elephants are very heavy, it is always advisable to have h...Figure 8B.10 A student who was attacked by an African elephant bull after re...Figure 8B.11 A reciprocal saw is a powerful instrument used to amputate a tu...Figure 8B.12 On cut or fractured surfaces, the tusks may have a sharp edge t...Figure 8B.13 A variety of elevators, varying in length and width is needed f...Figure 8B.14 Tile cutting disks on a Dremel tool work very well to section p...Figure 8B.15 An 80 cm long straight 5 mm stainless steel rod on a T piece ac...Figure 8B.16 Two different types of plyers that can be used to remove molar ...Figure 8B.17 Elephant partial pulpectomy: Once the pulp chamber has had suff...Figure 8B.18 Elephant partial pulpectomy: In tusks where I have to amputate ...Figure 8B.19 Elephant partial pulpectomy: The aim of a partial pulpectomy is...Figure 8B.20 An extracted persistent (non‐exfoliated) mandibular molar tooth...Figure 8B.21 The tusk of an adult African elephant bull is being hollowed ou...Figure 8B.22 After removal of the entire tusk, all the fragments are pieced ...Figure 8B.23 Inspecting the empty alveolus can be a difficult and tedious pr...Figure 8B.24 A small fragment of tusk that remained after an extraction is r...