Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

12 Appendix I: Taxonomy Reference

13 Appendix II: Types of DentitionReferring to General Dentition Referring to Premolars and Molars References

14 Appendix III: Dental Formulas References

15 Appendix IV: Feeding Adaptations

16 Glossary of Dental Terms References

17 Further Reading

18 Index

19 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 10DTable 10D.1 Adhesive systems, commercial (trade) names and tensile strength v...

1 f06 Figure 1 Ed Eisner and Peter Emily, on Mulholland Drive, Burbank, CA USA, af...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Pelycosaur Edaphosaurus. Figure 2.2 Dimetrodon. Figure 2.3 Edaphosaurus (From Romer [1968] [2]). Figure 2.4 Snout fragment of an ichthyosaur (After Quenstedt from Peyer [3] ...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Hand held, battery operated, 2.0 mA X‐ray generator, distributed ... Figure 3.2 Nomad, rechargeable battery‐operated, hand‐held X‐ray generator 2... Figure 3.3 Scan‐X: Supplier – All Pro. Has CR processors to accommodate any ... Figure 3.4 CR‐7 Durr Medical, supplied by iM3, supplies film sizes up to and... Figure 3.5 Dentalaire electric powered table unit. Delivery systems must hav... Figure 3.6 Crown‐down Technique: Starting with shorter 31mm files and freque... Figure 3.7 120 mm endodontic files, necessary for large carnivores, are six ... Figure 3.8 60‐ and 90‐mm gutta percha points are commercially available but,... Figure 3.9 Fabricating these longer gutta percha points ahead of time create... Figure 3.10 120 mm pluggers and spreaders. It is best to hold these long ins... Figure 3.11 Dental Stopping (gutta percha) is useful for canals of large dia... Figure 3.12 60‐ and 90‐mm Lentulo paste filler. The instrument can be loaded... Figure 3.13 For pulp canals size 90 or greater, for efficiency, we favor Gut... Figure 3.14 GuttaFlow 2 can be delivered via a 20‐gauge catheter, but an 18‐... Figure 3.15 System B heat and touch system expedites melting or severing gut... Figure 3.16 Cordless light cure is handy in the field. Keep it in its rechar... Figure 3.17 Lindemann bone‐cutting burs have an HP shank, fit a slow speed h... Figure 3.18 Equine Wolf Tooth Kit affords greater surface area of root conta... Figure 3.19 Equine Extraction Equipment provides greater leverage. Use it wi... Figure 3.20 10 mm osteotome. A few controlled, powerful impacts are less tra... Figure 3.21 The large 1″ Gouge. Also needs to be used with control and fines... Figure 3.22 A large, double‐action rongeur for alveoloplasty/ridge contourin... Figure 3.23 Vetroson V10® Electro‐surgery Unit (Summit Hill Laboratory. Tint... Figure 3.24 A portable electrical evacuation system is handy, and saves usin...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Warthog – Elodont male mandibular canine teeth only. Posterior te... Figure 4.2 Female Red River Hog. Only the male has lower tusks and they are ... Figure 4.3 Hippopotamus – Heterodont, elodont incisors, and canines, bunodon... Figure 4.4 Walrus – Maxillary canines are tusks. Elodont maxillary canines, ... Figure 4.5 Beaver Rodentia Castoridae Castor (2 species). Elodont incisors, ... Figures 4.6 and 4.7 Guinea pig: The mandibular canines extend to the last mo... Figures 4.8–4.11 Lop Rabbit: Mandibular incisor extends to the mesial aspect... Figure 4.12 Giant panda: Strongly bunodont, and brachydont. Figure 4.13 Koala: Bunodont, brachydont. Figures 4.14 and 4.15 Giraffe: Brachydont (browsers), bunodont, selenodont.... Figures 4.16 and 4.17 Beaver – Brachydont, loxidont. Figure 4.18 Boa Constrictor. Figure 4.19 Python. Figures 4.20 and 4.21 Komodo Dragon. Figures 4.22–4.24 Impala: Bunodont, selenodont. Figures 4.25 and 4.26 Horses and Zebras have hypsodont (high‐crowned; grazer... Figures 4.27 and 4.28 Perissodactyla : Rhinoceros. Thecodont, brachydont, hyp... Figures 4.29 and 4.30 Somali Leopard. Figure 4.31 Clouded Leopard: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth. Figure 4.32 Skunk: Secodont, brachydont molar teeth. Figures 4.33 and 4.34 African lion: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnass... Figures 4.35 and 4.36 Maned Wolf: Heterodont, diphyodont, secodont carnassia... Figure 4.37 Grizzly bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth... Figure 4.38 Black bear: Heterodont, diphyodont, brachydont posterior teeth.... Figure 4.39 Baboon: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont posterio... Figure 4.40 Mandrill: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brachydont poster... Figures 4.41 and 4.42 Chimpanzee: Heterodont, diphyodont, bilophodont, brach... Figure 4.43 Wallaby Denver Zoo, Denver, Colorado USA. Figure 4.44 Wallaby. Figure 4.45 Wallaby. Figure 4.46 Tazmanian Devil. Figure 4.47 Tazmanian Devil. Figure 4.48 Tazmanian Devil. Figure 4.49 Tazmanian Devil. Figure 4.50 Tazmanian Devil.

5 Chapter 5A Figure 5A.1 Seven‐year old tiger. Complicated crown fracture of upper right ... Figure 5A.2 22‐year old mountain lion. Right lower canine #404 has internal ... Figure 5A.3 22‐year old mountain lion. Right lower canine #404 has been surg... Figure 5A.4 15‐year old tiger (See also Figures 5A.5 & 5A.6 below). Complica... Figure 5A.5 15‐year old tiger. Radiograph shows lucent infected apical delta... Figure 5A.6 15‐year old tiger. Under‐filled apical delta. Time constraints p... Figure 5A.7 A 16‐year old, 350 lb. neutered male tiger. An apical bulbous ca... Figure 5A.8 Successful obturation of both bulbous apical canal and apical de... Figure 5A.9.1 Tiger canine tooth (see also Figures 5A.9.2 and 5A.9.3). Maxil... Figure 5A.9.2 Radiograph of tiger canine tooth from above photo. Figure 5A.9.3 Tiger canine tooth showing incomplete mid‐canal obturation ( )... Figure 5A.10.1 & 5A.10.2 Left upper tiger canine #204 showing typical flared... Figure 5A.10.3 Tiger study skull showing flared root canal apex, and turbina... Figure 5A.10.4 Endodontic failure. Obturation (→) incomplete. Tiger maxillar... Figure 5A.10.5 Apical bulb and flared apical delta of tiger maxillary canine... Figure 5A.11.1 Dental Stopping (gutta percha). Figure 5A.11.2 Softening dental stopping so that it can be shaped to conform... Figure 5A.11.3 Dental stopping after being rolled and shaped on a glass slab...Figure 5A.12.1 Five‐year old diabetic lemur, “Mitzi.” Image shows internal p...Figure 5A.12.2 The five‐year old lemur, “Mitzi” (1) above. Normal left upper...Figure 5A.13.1 Root end resorption and bulbous root canal apex is a common f...Figure 5A.13.2 Successful obturation of the tiger root canal terminus.Figure 5A.14.1 Tiger with an open apex.Figure 5A.14.2 MTA apical plug placement and Gutta Flow ®2 obturation. ...Figure 5A.15.1 Ingredients of MTA hand‐mixed recipe.Figure 5A.15.2 Ingredients for after‐market MTA production, placed here on a...Figure 5A.15.3 MTA bagged in a sealed sterilized pouch.Figure 5A.15.4 90 mm Lentulo past filler mounted on a slow speed handpiece....Figure 5A.15.5 MTA ingredients being mixed into a slurry consistency.Figure 5A.15.6 Lentulo Spiral Paste Filler being loaded from a spatula for p...Figure 5A.15.7 MTA can also be directed to the root canal terminus with the ...Figure 5A.15.8 MTA Filapex.Figure 5A.16.1 Apexification: Before first application of CA(OH)2.Figure 5A.16.2 Apexification: At three‐months, after first application of CA...Figure 5A.16.3 Apexification: At six months, after second three‐month applic...Figure 5A.16.4 Apexification: At 90 days, after final application of CA(OH)2...Figure 5A.17.1 Young tiger with a large pulp canal and thin dentinal wall. T...Figure 5A.17.2 Canal necrotic content.Figure 5A.17.3 One‐year post‐operative photograph, showing completed and sus...Figure 5A.17.4 Typical, young, non‐vital canines (this radiograph is Actuall...Figure 5A.17.5 Study model. Sagittal section of an immature adult tooth repr...