Michael Graham - Wind Energy Handbook

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Wind Energy Handbook: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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Discover this fully updated and authoritative reference to wind energy technology written by leading academic and industry professionals  The newly revised Third Edition of the 
 delivers a fully updated treatment of key developments in wind technology since the publication of the book’s Second Edition in 2011. The criticality of wakes within wind farms is addressed by the addition of an entirely new chapter on wake effects, including ‘engineering’ wake models and wake control. Offshore, attention is focused for the first time on the design of floating support structures, and the new ‘PISA’ method for monopile geotechnical design is introduced. 
The coverage of blade design has been completely rewritten, with an expanded description of laminate fatigue properties and new sections on manufacturing methods, blade testing, leading-edge erosion and bend-twist coupling. These are complemented by new sections on blade add-ons and noise in the aerodynamics chapters, which now also include a description of the Leishman-Beddoes dynamic stall model and an extended introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis. 
The importance of the environmental impact of wind farms both on- and offshore is recognised by extended coverage, which encompasses the requirements of the Grid Codes to ensure wind energy plays its full role in the power system. The conceptual design chapter has been extended to include a number of novel concepts, including low induction rotors, multiple rotor structures, superconducting generators and magnetic gearboxes.
References and further reading resources are included throughout the book and have been updated to cover the latest literature. Importantly, the core subjects constituting the essential background to wind turbine and wind farm design are covered, as in previous editions. These include: 
The nature of the wind resource, including geographical variation, synoptic and diurnal variations and turbulence characteristics The aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines, including the actuator disc concept, rotor disc theory, the vortex cylinder model of the actuator disc and the Blade-Element/Momentum theory Design loads for horizontal axis wind turbines, including the prescriptions of international standards Alternative machine architectures The design of key components Wind turbine controller design for fixed and variable speed machines The integration of wind farms into the electrical power system Wind farm design, siting constraints and the assessment of environmental impact Perfect for engineers and scientists learning about wind turbine technology, the 
 will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate students taking courses on wind turbines and wind energy, as well as industry professionals whose work requires a deep understanding of wind energy technology.

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17 Glauert, H. (1935a). Airplane propellers. In: Aerodynamic Theory, vol. 4, Division L (ed. W.F. Durand), 169–360. Berlin: Julius Springer.

18 Glauert, H. (1935b). Windmills and fans. In: Aerodynamic Theory, vol. 4, Division L (ed. W.F. Durand), 169–360. Berlin: Julius Springer.

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20 Himmelskamp, H. (1945). Profile investigations on a rotating airscrew. Doctoral thesis, Gottingen.

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22 Howe, M.S. (1991). Noise produced by a saw‐tooth trailing edge. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90: 482–487.

23 Jamieson, P. (2011). Innovation in Wind Turbine Design. UK: Wiley.

24 Jamieson, P. (2018). Innovation in Wind Turbine Design, 2e. UK: Wiley.

25 Johnson, S.J., van Dam, C.P., and Berg, D.E. (2008). Active load control techniques for wind turbines. Sandia Rept., SAND2008‐4809.

26 Joukowski, J.N. (1920). Windmills of the NEJ type. Transactions of the Central Institute for Aero‐ Hydrodynamics of Moscow: 405–430.

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31 Lynch, C.E. and Smith, M. (2009). A computational study of the aerodynamics and aeroacoustics of a flat‐back airfoil using hybrid RANS‐LES. ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253982002.

32 Madsen, H.A., Mikkelsen, R.F., Oye, S. et al. (2007). A detailed investigation of the blade element momentum (BEM) model based on analytical and numerical results and proposal for modifications of the BEM model. Jnl. Physics Conf. Series 75: 012016.

33 Madsen, H.A., Bak, C., Doessing, M. et al. (2010). Validation and modification of the blade element momentum theory based on comparisons with actuator disc simulations. Wind Energy 13: 373–389.

34 Mikkelsen R.F. (2003). Actuator disc methods applied to wind turbines. PhD thesis, Tech. University of Denmark, Lyngby.

35 Moriarty, P.J., Guidati, G., and Migliore, P. (2005). Prediction of turbulent inflow and trailing edge noise for wind turbines. AIAA paper 2005‐2881.

36 Peters, D.A. and Modarres, R. (2013, 2014). A compact closed‐form solution for the optimum, ideal wind turbine. Wind Energy 17 (4): 589–603. Published online in 2013, https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/we.1592.

37 Richards, E.J. and Meade, D.J. (1968). Noise and Acoustic Fatigue in Aeronautics. UK: Wiley.

38 Ronsten, G. (1991). Static pressure measurements in a rotating and a non‐rotating 2.35 m wind turbine blade. Comparison with 2D calculations. Proceedings of the EWEC '91 Conference, Amsterdam.

39 Sharpe, D.J. (2004). Aerodynamic momentum theory applied to an energy extracting actuator disc. Wind Energy 7: 177–188.

40 Shen, W.Z., Mikkelsen, R.F., and Soerensen, J.N. (2005). Tip‐loss corrections for wind turbine computations. Wind Energy 8: 457–475.

41 Snel, H., Houwink, R., Bousschers Piers, W.J., van Bussel, G.J.W. and Bruining, A. (1993). Sectional prediction of 3‐D effects for stalled flow on rotating blades and comparison with measurements. Proceedings of the EWEC '93 Conference, Lübeck‐Travemünde, Germany.

42 Soerensen, J.N. and Shen, W.Z. (2002). Numerical modelling of wind turbine wakes. J. Fluids Eng. 124: 393–399.

43 Soerensen, J.N. and van Kuik, G.A.M. (2011). General momentum theory for wind turbines at low tip speed ratios. Wind Energy 14: 821–839.

44 Soerensen, J.N., Shen, W.Z., and Munduate, X. (1998). Analysis of wake states by a full‐field actuator‐disc model. Wind Energy 88: 73–88.

45 Sørensen, N.N. (1995). General purpose flow solver applied to flow over hills. Risø‐R‐827(EN).

46 Tangler, J. L., and Somers, D. M. (1995). NREL airfoil families for HAWTs. AWEA '95, Washington, DC, USA.

47 Taylor, G.I. (1944). The air resistance of flat plates of very porous material. Aero. Res. Council (UK), Rept. & Memo. No. 2236.

48 Timmer, W.A. and van Rooij, R.P.J.O.M. (2003). Summary of the Delft University wind turbine dedicated airfoils. J. Solar Energy Eng. 125: 488–496.

49 Troldborg, N., Soerensen, J.N., and Mikkelsen, R.F. (2006). Actuator line computations of wakes of wind turbines in wind‐farms. IEA. Annual Rept. Annex XI Proc. Joint Action on Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines.

50 Wagner, S., Bareiss, R., and Guidati, G. (1996). Wind Turbine Noise. New York: Springer Verlag.

51 Wang, Q., Chen, J.T., Cheng, J.T. et al. (2015). Wind turbine airfoil design method with low noise and experimental analysis. J. Beijing Univ. Aero. Astro. 41: 23–28. Also as DTU‐Orbit: https://doi.org/10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2014.0072.

52 White, F.M. (1991). Viscous Fluid Flow. New York: McGraw‐Hill.

53 Wilson, R.E., Lissaman, P.B.S., and Walker S.N. (1974). Applied aerodynamics of wind power‐machines. Oregon State University, NTIS: PB‐238‐595.

54 Wimshurst, A. and Willden, R. (2018). Computational observations of the tip‐loss mechanisms experienced by horizontal axis rotors. Wind Energy 21: 792.

55 Wood, D.H. (1991). A three‐dimensional analysis of stall‐delay on a horizontal‐axis wind turbine. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 37: 1–14.

56 Young, A.D. and Squire, H.B. (1938). The calculation of the profile drag of aerofoils. Aero. Res. Council (UK), Rept. & Memo. No. 1838.

57 Zhu, W.T., Heilskov, N., Shen, W.Z., and Soerensen, J.N. (2005). Modeling of aerodynamically generated noise from wind turbines. J. Solar Energy Eng. 127: 517–528.

58 Zhu, W.T., Shen, W.Z., and Soerensen, J.N. (2016). Low noise airfoil and wind turbine design. In: Wind Turbine Design, Control and Applications, Ch.3. (ed. A.G. Aissaoui), 55. Intech Open https://doi.org/10.5772/63335.

Websites

1 http://www.nrel.gov/wind

2 http://www.nrel.gov/wind/publications.html

3 https://wind.nrel.gov/airfoils/Shapes/S809_Shape.html.

4 http://www.windpower.org/en

5 http://www.lr.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=9e2f503f-3b65-44bc-aba4-a30033400ea7&lang=en

Further Reading

1 Anderson, J.D. (1991). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 2e. Singapore: McGraw‐Hill.

2 Ashill, P.R., Fulker, J.L., and Hackett, K.C. (2005). A review of recent developments in flow control. Aeronaut. J. 109: 205–232.

3 Barnard, R.H. and Philpott, D.R. (1989). Aircraft Flight: A Description of the Physical Principles of Aircraft Flight. Singapore: Longman.

4 Duncan, W.J., Thom, A.S., and Young, A.D. (1970). Mechanics of Fluids, 2e. London: Edward Arnold.

5 Eggleston, D.M. and Stoddard, F.S. (1987). Wind Turbine Engineering Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

6 Fung, Y.C. (1969). An Introduction to the Theory of Aeroelasticity. New York: Dover.

7 Hansen, M.O.L. (2000). Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. London: James & James.

8 Johnson, W. (1980). Helicopter Theory. New York: Dover.

9 Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.G., and Rogers, A.L. (2002). Wind Energy Explained. Chichester: Wiley.

10 Prandtl, L. and Tietjens, O.G. (1957). Applied Hydro‐ and Aeromechanics. New York: Dover.

11 Stepniewski, W.Z. and Keys, C.N. (1984). Rotary‐Wing Aerodynamics. New York: Dover.

Appendix A3 Lift and drag of aerofoils

The lift and drag of a body immersed in an oncoming flow are defined as the components of force on the body in the directions normal and parallel, respectively, to the incident flow direction.

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