Rodolfo Araneo - Electrical Safety Engineering of Renewable Energy Systems

7 Appendix 1Figure 1 Typical grounding system arrangement:...Figure 2 Section of the discretized model:...Figure 3 Stratified ground...

8 Appendix 2Figure 1 MV cable damaged by termites.Figure 2 Circuit diagram for Murray bridge method.Figure 3 Connection of three-point voltage drop measurement for dc systems.Figure 4 Voltage-drop method connection diagram for jacket fault locating.Figure 5 Nylon Cable.Figure 6 Anti-termite resistant cable equipped with aluminum screen.

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Heart-current factor F for different current paths Table 1.2 Body impedances and resistances for a current path hand-to-hand Table 1.3 Electrical conductivity σ of biological tissues Table 1.4 Standard contact durations Table 1.8 Temperature limits in normal service for accessible parts of equipment

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Maximum disconnection times. Table 2.2 Residual or ground current thresholds and response time. Table 2.3 Rated current of overcurrent protection in the...Table 2.4 Description of the time/current zones for d.c. currents.

3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Formulae for the ground resistance of basic horizontal ground electrodes.

4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Main lightning stroke parameters for different IEC protection levels.Table 4.2 Sources of damage.Table 4.3 Types of damage.Table 4.4 Types of loss.Table 4.5 Risk components.Table 4.6 Location factor...Table 4.7 Environmental factor...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Typical soil resistivity of various types of soil.Table 6.2 Some of the most common used electrode configurations...

1 Cover

2 Title page Electrical Safety Engineering of Renewable Energy Systems Rodolfo Araneo University of RomeRome, Italy Massimo Mitolo Irvine Valley College Irvine, California

3 Copyright

4 Table of Contents

5 Preface

6 Acknowledgments

7 Begin Reading

8 Appendix 1: Performance of Grounding Systems in Transient Conditions

9 Appendix 2: Cable Failures in Renewable Energy Systems

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

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To my wife Stefania, for her unfailing love, patience, and encouragement ,

and to my blessed sons Leonardo and Giulio, who give me the tremendous energy of the youth .

To my wife Jennifer and my daughters Alessandra and Giorgia ,

who are the true renewable energy source in the heart of their father .

It was the year 2004 when Prof. Araneo began his journey through renewable energies. And it was the year 1990 when Prof. Mitolo started his in electrical safety engineering.

Prof. Araneo was asked by a high school and college mate to jointly work on the design of one of the first 1 MWp utility-scale photovoltaic plants in Italy to be built in Sardinia. He was an inexperienced, fresh PhD graduate in electrical engineering, but driven by an innate curiosity and interest in all that was electrical engineering. He did accept the challenge, and in the years to come, he worked on the design and construction of almost 1 GW of renewable energy plants. In the early 2010s, he started teaching a university graduate course on renewable energies.

Prof. Mitolo, a fresh PhD graduate in electrical engineering, read the EU Directive 89/391/EEC, also known as the Framework Directive , which indicated that the risk assessment was to be the cornerstone in the prevention of accidents. This, right then, confirmed in his mind the idea that electrical safety could not only be implemented through a list of prudent actions near energized parts but mainly via the proper design: the safety-by-design approach to anticipate and design out hazards. Since then, Prof. Mitolo has accordingly designed, researched, taught, and authored.

These authors met during the Christmas Holidays of 2018 in beautiful California and spent time enjoying with their families the beautiful scenery of the Pacific Ocean, and, at the same time, discussing the typical academic issues (i.e., conferences, papers, research, and grants – topics that their families found boring, especially during those sunny days). It was then that Prof. Araneo forwarded the idea to write a book on renewable energies and safety. Some may decide to write engineering books after long and erudite meditations; others (i.e., these authors) did it under California’s blue skies, surrounded by family.

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