James G. Speight - Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright

4 Introduction

5 A Absorption Absorption Cleaning Absorption Dehydration Absorption Oil Absorption Process Absorption Tower Accuracy and Precision in Analysis Acetogenesis Acid Catalyst Acid Deposition Acid Gas Acid Gas Removal Acid Gas Removal Processes Acid Gas Scrubbing – Basic Solid or Solution Acid Gas Scrubbing – Wet Scrubbers Acid Hydrolysis Acidity and Alkalinity Acid Number Acidogenesis Acidogenic Digestate Acid Rain Acid Rain – Formation Acid Rain – Mitigation Acid Treating Acid Value Activated Sludge Process Additives – Catalysts in Combustion Systems Additives – Fuels Add-On Environmental Control Methods Adip Process Adsorption Adsorption Isotherm Adsorption Process Advanced Cycloning Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Aerobic Digestion Aerosols Agave Bagasse Agricultural Residue Agricultural Residue – Types Agricultural Waste Agrofuel Air Emissions Air Emissions – Biomass Plant Air Flotation Processes Air Pollution Alcohol Blended Fuel Alcohol-Diesel Emulsion Alcohol Fuels Alcohol Fuels – Ethanol Alcohol Fuels - Methanol Alcohol Fuels – Propanol and Butanol Alcohols Alcohols – Combustion Alcohols – Corrosivity Alcohols – From Waste Alcohols – Production Algaculture Algae Algae Fuels Algae Fuels – Extraction Algal Blooms Alkali Washing Process Alicyclic Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alkalinity Alkaloids Alkanes Alkanolamines Alkazid Process Alkenes Alpha Decay Alpha Particle Alternate Fuels Alternate Fuels – Gaseous Fuels Alternate Fuels – Liquid Fuels Alternate Fuels - Production Alternate Fuels – Solid Fuels Alternative Energy Amine Washing Ammonia Anaerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion – Gas Production Animal Waste Annual Removal Apparent Density Aquaculture Aquasphere Aquatic Organisms Aquatic Plants Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge Aquifer Aromatic Hydrocarbons Arsenic and Selenium Asabe Standard X593 Ash Ash Analysis Ash Composition Ash Content Ash Content – Biomass As-Received Moisture Atmosphere Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point Atomic Energy Attapulgus Clay Attrition Catalyst Azeotrope Azeotropic Distillation

6 B Bacteria Bacterial Mining Bagasse Bagasse Briquettes Baghouse Baghouse Filter Barrel Barrel of Oil Equivalent Basic Nitrogen Basic Sediment and Water Batch-Type Processes Baumé Gravity Bauxite Bauxite Treating Process Beavon Process Benchmark Crude Oil Beta Decay Beta Particle Bioalcohol Biocatalysts Biochar Biochemical Conversion Biochemical Oxygen Demand Biochemicals Biochemicals - Production Bioconversion Bioconversion Platform Biodegradation Biodegradation – In Situ Biodegradation Processes Biodegradation – Slurry Phase Biodegradation – Solid Phase BioDeNOx Process Biodesulfurization Biodiesel Biodiesel Feedstocks Biodiesel – Production and Properties Biodiesel – Technical Standards Biodiesel – Transesterification Biodiesel – Transesterification, Catalytic Biodiesel – Transesterification, Supercritical Methanol Biodiesel – Transesterification, Reaction Parameters Bioenergy Bioenergy Crops Bioenergy System Bioethanol Bioethanol Production Bioethers Biofiltration Biofuels Biofuels - Classification Biofuels - Feedstocks Biofuels – First Generation Biofuels – From Synthesis Gas Biofuels – Liquid Biofuels – Platforms Biofuels – Production Biofuels – Properties, Variations with Source Biofuels – Second Generation Biofuels – Specifications and Performance Biofuels – Third Generation Biofuels – Use Biogas Biogas – Upgrading Biogenic Coal Bed Methane Biogeochemical Cycles Biohydrogen Biohydrogen – Production Biological Action Biological Alcohol Biological Conversion Biological Conversion – Aerobic Digestion Biological Conversion – Anaerobic Digestion Biological Hydrogen Production Biomass Biomass Ash Biomass Chemistry Biomass Combustion Biomass Composition and Properties Biomass – Conversion Technologies Biomass-Derived Carbon Biomass – Direct Combustion Biomass – Drying Biomass Energy Biomass Energy Systems Biomass – Extraction Biomass Feedstocks Biomass – Fermentation Biomass Fuel Biomass Fuel – Characteristics Biomass – Gasification Biomass – Gasification Principles Biomass – Gasification Process Biomass – Gasification Reactors Biomass – Herbaceous Biomass – Land Requirements Biomass – Liquefaction Biomass Power Biomass – Power Facility Biomass Properties Biomass – Pyrolysis Biomass – Synthesis Gas Production Biomass to Energy Biomass to Liquids Biomass Waste Bio-oil Bio-oil – Upgrading Bio-oxidation Biophotolysis Biopower Bioprocess Bioreactor Biorefinery Bio-SCOT Process Bioscrubbing Bitumen Black Liquor Blended Fuels Blending Blue Gas Blue Water Gas Boiler Slag Boiling Water Reactor Bone Dry Boson Bottom Ash Bottoming Cycle Bottom Sediment and Water Boudouard Reaction Breeder Reactor BRI Process Briquette Briquette Binder Briquette Manufacture Briquette Properties Briquetting Processes Bromine Number BTEX BTU BTX Bubble Point Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier Bulk Density Bunker Bunker Fuel Oil Butane Butane Dehydrogenation Butane Vapor-Phase Isomerization Butanol Butene Butene Dehydrogenation

7 C C 1, C 2, C 3, C 4, C 5Fractions Calorific Value Camelina Canola Oil Capillary Forces Capillary Number Capillary Pressure Carbohydrates Carbonate Washing and Water Washing Carbonate Washing Process Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Balance Carbon Dioxide Gasification Carbon Dioxide Recovery Carbonization Carbon Monoxide Carbon Residue Carbon Sink Carbo-V Process Carbureted Blue Gas Carbureted Water Gas Catalysts Catalysts – Activity Catalyst – Deactivation Catalyst Fouling Catalysts – Hydrogen Production Catalysts – Methanation Catalyst Poisoning Catalyst Regeneration Catalysts – Selectivity and Conversion Catalyst Sintering Catalysts – Solid Acid Catalyst Stripping Catalytic Cracking Catalytic Cracking Chemistry Catalytic Cracking Processes Catalytic Cracking – Process Parameters Catalytic Gas Conversion Process Catalytic Gasification Catalytic Oxidation Processes Catalytic Reforming Catalytic Reforming - Catalysts Catalytic Reforming – Processes Catalytic Three-Phase Reactors Catalytic Transesterification Caustic Scrubbing Caustic Treating Cellulose Cellulosic Biomass Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Materials Centrifugal Separation Cetane Index Cetane Number Char Charcoal and Charcoal Briquettes Chemical Composition of Biomass Chemical Precipitation Chemical Reaction Rates Chemicals Reactive with Water Chemical Treating Chemical Waste Chemicals from Biomass Chemisorption Chemistry in the Aquasphere Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chemistry in the Geosphere Chemsweet Process Chinese Tallow Tree Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier Claus Process Clay Minerals Clay Treating Process Climate Change Closed-Loop Biomass Coagulation Coarse Materials Co-Combustion COED/COGAS Process Co-Firing Cogeneration Cohesive Energy Density Cold Pelletizing Combustion Combustion - Chemistry Combustion – Direct Combustion – Effect of Additives and Catalysts Combustion – Environmental Aspects Combustion – Fluidized Bed Combustion – Fouling Combustion – Heat Balance Combustion – Ignition Combustion – Influence of Feedstock Quality Combustion – Mechanism Combustion – Soot Formation Combustion – Surface Effects Combustion Technologies Combustion – Types of Combustors Combustion Zone Combustion Plants Complete Mix Digester Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis Condensation Coniferyl Alcohol Conservation Conservation Reserve Program Contaminant Contingent Resources Conventional Fuel Sources Conversion Pathways Conversion Processes – Biochemical Conversion Processes – Biomass Properties Conversion Processes – Combustion Conversion Processes – Gasification Conversion Processes - Pyrolysis Conversion Processes – Thermal Copper Sweetening Process Cord Cordgrass Coriolis Force Corn Corn Ethanol Corn Oil Corn Stalks and Wheat Straw Corn-to-Ethanol Process Corrosion Corrosion by Fuel Ash p-Coumaryl Alcohol Counter-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier Covered Lagoon Digester Cracking Cropland Crops Crops – Residues Cross Draft Gasifier Crude Oil Cryogenic Dehydration Cryogenic Equipment Cryogenic Expander Process Cryogenic Separation Cryosphere Crystallization CTSL Process Cull Tree Cultivated Summer Fallow Current Reserves Cyclone Separation Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbons