Aviva Chomsky - Unwanted People

21 See Linked Labor Histories for discussion of how faltering New England textile manufacturers relied on immigrant workers as they prepared to shut down or relocate in the 1980s and 90s.

22 For some of the CPA’s history, see Peter Kwong, The New Chinatown (rev. ed. Hill and Wang, 1996), chap. 9.

23 A lawyer and paralegal from Greater Boston Legal Services, which collaborated with the CPA on the campaign, give more detail on the process. See Cynthia Mark and Evonne Yang, “The Power-One Campaign: Immigrant Worker Empowerment Through Law and Organizing,” Clearance Review: Journal of Poverty Law and Policy 36:3-4 (July-August 2002), pp. 264-74. http://courses.povertylaw.org/pluginfile.php/15103/mod_folder/content/0/Mark.pdf?forcedownload=1

24 Mark and Yang, 265.

25 Katie Johnston, “MIT Study: Immigrants Vital to Boston’s Economy,” Boston Globe , May 18, 2017. http://iwer.mit.edu/posts/mit-study-immigrants-vital-bostons-economy/.

26 “Health Care Employment,” 16-17.

27 Eduardo Porter, “Home Health Care: Shouldn’t It Be Work Worth Doing?” New York Times , August 29, 2017. http://iwer.mit.edu/posts/home-health-care-shouldnt-work-worth/.

28 Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute (PHI), U.S. Homecare Workers: Key Facts . https://phinational.org/sites/phinational.org/files/phi-home-care-workers-key-facts.pdf.

29 “Health Care Employment,” 7.

30 Amy Baxter, “One in Four Direct Care Workers Are Immigrants,” Home Health Care News, June 21, 2017. https://homehealthcarenews.com/2017/06/one-in-four-direct-care-workers-are-immigrants/.

31 Robert Espinoza, “Immigrants and the Direct Care Workforce,” PHI Research Brief, June 2017. https://phinational.org/sites/phinational.org/files/research-report/immigrants_and_the_direct_care_workforce_-_phi_-_june_2017.pdf.

32 Leigh Anne Schriever, “The Home Health Care Industry’s Organizing Nightmare,” August 18, 2015. https://tcf.org/content/commentary/the-home-health-care-industrys-organizing-nightmare/.

33 Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, Caring for America: Home Health Care Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State (Oxford University Press, rpr. ed. 2015), 164.

34 See Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein, “‘We were the Invisible Workforce’: Unionizing Home Care,” in Dorothy Sue Cobble, ed., The Sex of Class: Women Transforming American Labor (2007), 177-?, 188-89. On the background of ACORN, the ULU, and the Boston campaign see also Vanessa Tate, Poor Workers’ Unions: Rebuilding Labor from Below (Haymarket, ), 111-119, and Keith Kelleher, “ACORN Organizing and Chicago Healthcare Workers,” Labor Research Review 1:8 (1986).

35 See Steve Early, The Civil Wars in U.S. Labor: Birth of a New Workers’ Movement or Death Throes of the Old? (Haymarket Books, 2011), 167-71 for a discussion of these issues and their impact on Boston organizing. See also Leon Fink and Brian Greenberg, Upheaval in the Quiet Zone: 1199SEIU and the Politics of Health Care Unionism (2 nded. University of Illinois Press, 2009), chap. 10.

36 Kris Maher, “Unions Target Home Workers,” Wall Street Journal , June 19, 2013. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324049504578541593593292614.

37 ; Alana Semuels, “Home Healthcare Ruling May Inhibit Growth of Powerful Union,” Los Angeles Times , June 30, 2014. http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-union-react-20140701-story.html.

38 Jeffrey Krassner, “A Prescription for Growth,” Boston Globe , November 8, 2007. http://archive.boston.com/business/healthcare/articles/2007/11/08/a_prescription_for_growth/.

39 Alejandra Cancino, “SEIU Stops Collecting Fees from Non-Member Home Health Workers,” Chicago Tribune , August 12, 2014; Semuels, “Home Healthcare Ruling.”

40 Mary Moore, “Unions Gained Ground in Bay State Last Year,” Boston Business Journal , February 1, 2013. https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/print-edition/2013/02/01/unions-gained-ground-in-bay-state-last.html; Katie Johnston, “Mass. Home Health Workers Win Wage Hike to $15 an Hour,” Boston Globe , June 26, 2015. https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/06/26/home-health-workers-win-wage-hike-hour/KrsUcC8dPlDdwpnJYjNzRI/story.html.

41 http://fightfor15homecare.org/.

42 Katie Johnston, “Mass Home Healthcare Workers Win Wage Hike to $15 an Hour,” Boston Globe , June 26, 2015. http://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2015/06/26/home-health-workers-win-wage-hike-hour/KrsUcC8dPlDdwpnJYjNzRI/story.html; SEIU Press Release, “Home care workers at Medical Resources Vote to Unionize Despite Illegal Management Tactics, June 30, 2015,” https://www.1199seiu.org/breaking_home_care_workers_at_medical_resources_vote_to_unionize_despite_illegal_management_tactics.

43 Jessica Bartlett, “Newly unionized workers at Newton-based home health agency secure raises,” Boston Business Journal , Jul 27, 2016, https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/health-care/2016/07/newly-unionized-workers-at-newton-based-home.html; 1199SEIU Press Release, “Medical Resources Caregivers Win First Contract,” September 22, 2016, https://www.1199seiu.org/massachusetts/medical-resources-caregivers-win-first-contract.

44 Fink and Greenberg, 285-86.

45 See Kim Voss and Irene Bloemraad, Rallying for Immigrant Rights: The Fight for Inclusion in 21 st Century America (University of California Press, 2011).

46 For an in-depth study of these divisions, see David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (University of California Press, 1995).

47 Michael Grabell, “They Got Hurt At Work—Then They Got Deported,” NPR, August 16, 2017. http://www.npr.org/2017/08/16/543650270/they-got-hurt-at-work-then-they-got-deported; Michael Arria, “Why Defending Workers’ Rights Means Fighting ICE’s Deportation Machine,” In These Times , August 21, 2017. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/20442/Donald-Trump-Immigration-ICE-Raids-workers-labor-movement1.

48 Attorney General Maura Healey, Press Release, “On International Workers Day, AG Healey Issues Advisory on Protections for Immigrant Workers,” May 1, 2017, http://www.mass.gov/ago/news-and-updates/press-releases/2017/2017-05-01-protections-immigrant-workers.html.

49 Shannon Dooling, “An ICE Arrest After A Workers' Comp Meeting Has Lawyers Questioning If It Was Retaliation,” WBUR, May 17, 2017. http://www.wbur.org/news/2017/05/17/ice-arrest-workers-comp.

50 Michael Grabell, “They Got Hurt At Work—Then They Got Deported,” NPR, August 16, 2017. http://www.npr.org/2017/08/16/543650270/they-got-hurt-at-work-then-they-got-deported; Michael Arria, “Why Defending Workers’ Rights Means Fighting ICE’s Deportation Machine,” In These Times , August 21, 2017. http://inthesetimes.com/working/entry/20442/Donald-Trump-Immigration-ICE-Raids-workers-labor-movement1.

51 Katie Lannan and Colin A. Young, “Wage Theft Demands Legislative Response, Advocates Say” Hull Times , June 21, 2017. http://www.hulltimes.com/ht-online/2017/6/21/wage-theft-demands-legislative-response-advocates-say

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