Joseph J. Torres - Life in the Open Ocean

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Preface

6 Acknowledgments

7 1 Physics and the Physical Environment The Vastness of the Open Ocean The Properties of Water Temperature The Oceans and Ocean Basins Oxygen Pressure Sound Light Traditional Depth Zones in the Ocean Concluding Thoughts References

8 2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges Temperature Pressure Oxygen Salinity Depth Concluding Thoughts References

9 3 The CnidariaIntroduction Classification Phylum Cnidaria The Hydromedusae The Scyphomedusae The Cubomedusae Foraging Strategies Locomotion The Siphonophores The Cnidaria Formerly Known as Chondrophora References

10 4 The CtenophoraIntroduction Classification Ctenophore Basics Morphology Foraging Strategies Ctenophores as Invasive Species Digestion Nerves and Sense Organs: Coordination and Conduction Locomotion Distribution Ctenophores and Evolution References

11 5 The NemerteaIntroduction Classification Morphology Nervous System Circulatory System Excretory System Digestive System Reproduction Foraging Strategies Vertical and Geographic Distributions References

12 6 The AnnelidaIntroduction History Classification Phylum Annelida Morphology Excretory System The Nervous System Circulatory System Digestive System Reproduction Locomotion Foraging Strategies Distributions Bioluminescence References

13 7 The CrustaceaIntroduction Arthropod Classification Panarthropoda Phyla Synopsis of Universal Arthropod Characteristics The Crustacea Subphylum Crustacea Crustacean Systems References

14 8 The MolluscaIntroduction Classification Phylum Mollusca The Gastropoda The Cephalopoda References

15 9 The ChordataIntroduction Deuterostomes and the Phylogenetic Toolkit Classification Subphylum Tunicata Basic Anatomy and Life History Tunicate Systems References

16 10 The FishesIntroduction The Deep‐Sea Groups A Brief History of Fishes The Classes of Living Fishes Fish Systems References

17 11 CommunitiesIntroduction The Gulf of Mexico The Northern California Current The Antarctic System Comparisons Concluding Observations Physical and Biological Factors that Change References

18 12 EnergeticsIntroduction A Model Energy Budget Digestibility of Biomolecules Energy Value of Biomolecules Measuring Metabolic Rate Life History Strategies Metabolism and Composition of Pelagic Species Conclusions References

19 Appendix A Classification of the Chordata References

20 Glossary

21 Index

22 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Characteristics of the ocean basins. Table 1.2 Boundary currents in the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Da...

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 K mand K catvalues of pyruvate for three congeneric species of barrac... Table 2.2 Chemical formulas and melting points for a selection of saturated... Table 2.3 Comparison of lactate dehydrogenase kinetics between two species ... Table 2.4 Metabolism (VO 2= ml O 2kg −1min −1), gill diffusion c...

3 Chapter 3 Table 3.1 Tentacular encounter zones and deployment patterns, tentacle leng... Table 3.2 Predation rates, clearance rates, and predation effects from fiel... Table 3.3 Summary of data on stomach contents of field‐caught Scyphomedusae... Table 3.4 Diets of cubomedusae. Table 3.5 Classification of the order Siphonophora. Table 3.6 Ingestion rates of Siphonophores. Table 3.7 Abundance of siphonophores relative to other gelatinous zooplankt... Table 3.8 Swimming speeds (cm s −1) of siphonophores as estimated in s... Table 3.9 Vertical distribution of Siphonophore species in the South Atlant... Table 3.10 Food of Porpita collected on Shirahama Beach, Japan.

4 Chapter 4 Table 4.1 Tentacular encounter‐zone shape and volume, tentacular length, vo...Table 4.2 Abundance and distribution of open‐ocean ctenophores collected on...Table 4.3 The density of three important open‐ocean ctenophores as estimate...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Distribution records of pelagic polychaetes with the presence/abs...Table 6.2 Distribution records of pelagic polychaetes in the Antarctic and ...

6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Number of species in major animal groups as estimated in the refe...Table 7.2 Classification of the animal kingdom (metazoa). Source: Brusca et...Table 7.3 Concentrations of ions in the body fluids of marine crustaceans r...Table 7.4 Urine/blood ratios of ions in marine crustaceans.Table 7.5 Diurnal vertical migration in euphausiids from three oceanic syst...Table 7.6 Adult size ranges, egg sizes, and fecundity of pelagic decapods.Table 7.7 Abundance and biomass of decapods and lophogastrids from mesopela...Table 7.8 Diet composition of dominant decapods and lophogastrids from the ...Table 7.9 Comparison of the dietary contribution of prey categories between...Table 7.10 Comparison of life‐history characteristics of the bathypelagic m...Table 7.11 Partitioning of material or energy within production component o...Table 7.12 Vertical ranges and sampling locations for a variety of Mysid an...Table 7.13 Oceanic distributions of bathypelagic crustaceans found in the e...Table 7.14 Diets of Antarctic amphipods. All diet taxa expressed as percent...Table 7.15 Common hosts and diets in hyperiid amphipod families. Host taxa ...Table 7.16 Depth distribution of pelagic amphipod species. Source: Vinograd...

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Diet composition of Carinaria japonica from the California borderla...Table 8.2 Heteropod abundances from four different oceanic regions. Species...Table 8.3 Abundance of invertebrate micronekton in the Gulf of Mexico.Table 8.4 Pteropod day–night vertical distributions in the Sargasso Sea and ...Table 8.5 Efficiency of oxygen extraction in cephalopods.Table 8.6 Levels of organization and responses in the brain of Octopus .

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Relative mechanical efficiency, E , of jet‐propulsion in Salpa fusif ...Table 9.2 Abundance data for salp swarms reported for locations throughout ...Table 9.3 Size, filtering rate, and weight‐specific filtering rates of proto...Table 9.4 Minimum size of food particles ingested by several taxa that are ...Table 9.5 Species numbers for taxa confirmed to prey on thaliaceans. Specie...Table 9.6 Regional distribution of Thaliacean species enumerated by genus. T...Table 9.7 Regional distribution of Appendicularian species enumerated by fa...

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Elements of shark early life history.Table 10.2 Elements of shark early life history.Table 10.3 Maximum‐age estimates for six tropical‐subtropical and two suban...Table 10.4 Total number of gill filaments, secondary lamellae (one side only...Table 10.5 Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood of fishes with different li...Table 10.6 Ionic concentrations (mOmol l −1) of plasma and rectal gland...Table 10.7 A comparison of fast and slow muscle fibers in fish.Table 10.8 Fractional volumes and masses of buoyancy aids required to match...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Species composition of the decapod and mysid assemblage in the u...Table 11.2 Species composition of the euphausiid assemblage in the upper 10...Table 11.3 Myctophids.Species composition of the myctophid assemblage in the upp...Table 11.4 Stomiiformes. Species composition and abundance of the pelagic Stomiif...Table 11.5 Non‐myctophid and non‐stomiiform fishes. Species compositi...Table 11.6 The cephalopods.Species composition of the cephalopod assemblage in t...Table 11.7 Gelatinous zooplankton and amphipods. Species composition of the gelat...

11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amp...Table 12.2 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amphipo...Table 12.3 Metabolic rates of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, mysids, and amp...Table 12.4 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysid...Table 12.5 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysids in...Table 12.6 Proximate composition of pelagic euphausiids, decapods, and mysid...Table 12.7 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the eastern Gulf of Mexi...Table 12.8 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the California Current. ...Table 12.9 Metabolic rates of mesopelagic fishes in the Antarctic. Data from...Table 12.10 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the eastern Gulf of M...Table 12.11 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the California Current. D...Table 12.12 Proximate composition of pelagic fishes in the Antarctic. Data f...Table 12.13 Euphausiid energetics. Comparison of energy usage for