Joseph J. Torres - Life in the Open Ocean

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Molluscan classes Caudofoveata, and Solenogastres, formerly subcl...Figure 8.2 Class Monoplacophora. (a) External anatomy of Neopolina galathea ,...Figure 8.3 Class Polyplacophora (chitons). (a) Stylized external anatomy of ...Figure 8.4 Class Scaphopoda (tusk or tooth shells). General anatomy of a sty...Figure 8.5 Class Bivalvia. (a) Internal anatomy of a stylized eulamellibranc...Figure 8.6 Class Gastropoda. (a) Internal anatomy of a stylized coil‐shelled...Figure 8.7 Torsion in gastropod molluscs. (a) Hypothetical ancestral snail w...Figure 8.8 The generalized mollusc and its relationship to the four principa...Figure 8.9 Gastropod pharynx. Sagittal section of the head of a prosobranch,...Figure 8.10 Structure of gastropod radulas. (a) Radula of the gastropod Vivi ...Figure 8.11 Digestive system of the carnivorous marine snail Murex .Figure 8.12 Circulatory system and circulation pattern in a typical mollusc....Figure 8.13 Anatomy of the periwinkle Littorina littorea . (a) General anatom...Figure 8.14 Monopectinate ctenidia (gills). (a) Single gill filament; (b) wa...Figure 8.15 Heteropod respiration. (a) External anatomy of the atlantid hete...Figure 8.16 Heteropod respiration. (a) Anatomy of Carinaria mediterranea sho...Figure 8.17 Plicate gills. (a) Typical opisthobranch mantle cavity; (b) mant...Figure 8.18 Pneumodermatid (sea angels) respiratory structures. (a) Lateral ...Figure 8.19 Nudibranch respiration. (a) External anatomy (dorsal view) of th...Figure 8.20 Internal anatomy of the Phylliroid nudibranch Phylliroe sp. with...Figure 8.21 Kidney structure in the periwinkle Littorina littorea . (a) View ...Figure 8.22 Cross section through the mantle and shell of a bivalve. The per...Figure 8.23 Heteropod and pteropod shells. (a) Carinaria sp.; (b) Atlanta sp...Figure 8.24 Molluscan nervous system. (a) Nervous system pattern in a genera...Figure 8.25 Heterobranchia nervous system. (a) Anterior portion of the centr...Figure 8.26 Anterior portion of the CNS of the naked pteropod Pneumoderma ....Figure 8.27 Sensory organs. (a) Neurosensory cells in the olfactory organ (o...Figure 8.28 Heteropod vision and equilibrium. (a) The heteropod Pterotrachea Figure 8.29 Pteropod vision. (a) Section of a tentacle of Cavolina ; (b) sect...Figure 8.30 Janthinid snails. (a) Two janthinid snails with bubble floats; (...Figure 8.31 Janthinid reproductive structures. (a) Oligopyrene spermatozoan ...Figure 8.32 Gastropod larvae. (a) Trochophore larva of the limpet Patella sp...Figure 8.33 The atlantid heteropod Oxygyrus inflatus with keeled shell.Figure 8.34 The carinariid heteropod Carinaria lamarcki .Figure 8.35 The pterotracheid heteropod Pterotrachea coronata . (a) Internal ...Figure 8.36 Ventral view of the anterior end of the pterotracheid heteropod Figure 8.37 Heteropod swimming behavior. (a) The pterotracheid heteropod Pte ...Figure 8.38 Heteropod vertical distribution. (a) Day–night differences in de...Figure 8.39 Euthecosome pteropods. (a) Anatomy of the euthecosome pteropod C ...Figure 8.40 Euthecosome pteropods. (a) Clio sp. with attached hydroids; (b) ...Figure 8.41 The Peraclidae. (a) The shell of Peracle ; (b) external anatomy o...Figure 8.42 The Cymbuliidae. (a) Ventral view of Cymbulia with a lateral vie...Figure 8.43 The desmopterid pteropod Desmopterus papilio .Figure 8.44 The swimming cycle in limicinid pteropods showing both power and...Figure 8.45 Shell shapes of cavoliniod pteropods. (a) Cavolinia uncinata ; (b...Figure 8.46 Pseudoconch shape and swimming in pseudothecosomes. (a) Pseudoco...Figure 8.47 Pteropod feeding methods. (a) Ciliary feeding in the creseid pte...Figure 8.48 Pteropod feeding webs. (a) Feeding web of Cavolinia uncinata ; (b...Figure 8.49 Pteropod reproduction. Composite reproductive anatomy of the her...Figure 8.50 Pteropod reproduction. (a) The ovoviviporous pteropod Limacina i ...Figure 8.51 Gymnosome pteropods. (a) External anatomy of Clione limacina ; (b...Figure 8.52 The buccal mass of Pneumodermopsis macrochira .Figure 8.53 Gymnosome feeding. (a) Clione limacina feeding on a Limacina hel ...Figure 8.54 Gymnosome swimming. (a) Anatomy of the ventral surface of Clione ...Figure 8.55 Gymnosome reproduction. (a) Reproductive structures of Clione li ...Figure 8.56 Gymnosome larval development. (a) Anatomy of the veliger of Paed ...Figure 8.57 Superfamily Hydromyloidea. (a) Hydromyles globulosus ; (b) Lagini ...Figure 8.58 Aeolid nudibranchs. (a) Anatomy of the glaucid nudibranch Glaucu ...Figure 8.59 Nudibranch reproduction. (a) Anatomy of the anterior genital mas...Figure 8.60 The fionid nudibranch Fiona pinnata .Figure 8.61 Fiona pinnata feeding on the gooseneck barnacle Lepas sp.Figure 8.62 The phylliroid nudibranchs. (a) Live specimen of Phylliroe sp. (...Figure 8.63 Feeding in the phylliroid nudibranchs. (a) Phylliroe bucephala w...Figure 8.64 Dorsal aspect of Phylliroe bucephalum showing the widely distrib...Figure 8.65 Reconstruction of the ancestral cephalopod Plectronoceras cambri ...Figure 8.66 Cephalopod evolution and lineages.Figure 8.67 Reconstruction of an upper cretaceous belemnoid cephalopod.Figure 8.68 Classification scheme for the class Cephalopoda.Figure 8.69 Basic cephalopod anatomy. (a) Reorganization of the major axes o...Figure 8.70 External morphology of the squid Loligo . (a) Anterior view; (b) ...Figure 8.71 Anatomy of the nautilids. (a) External view of Nautilus sp. (b) ...Figure 8.72 The order Sepiida. (a) The cuttlefish Sepia (family Sepiidae); (...Figure 8.73 The order Spirulida. (a) The Ram's head squid Spirula spirula ; (...Figure 8.74 The pigmy squid Idiosepius sp. showing the dorsal adhesive organ...Figure 8.75 Cephalopod tentacular structure. (a) Stalked tentacular sucker w...Figure 8.76 Sepiida anatomy. (a) Generalized internal anatomy of Sepia sp.; ...Figure 8.77 Internal anatomy of Octopus sp.Figure 8.78 Representatives of the orders and suborders of the Octopodiforme...Figure 8.79 The paper nautilus Argonauta . (a) Lateral view of a female Argon ...Figure 8.80 Familial differences in cephalopod digestive systems. Thin arrow...Figure 8.81 Cephalopod circulation. (a) Lateral view of the basic arterial c...Figure 8.82 Cephalopod respiration. Respiratory system of the cuttlefish Sep ...Figure 8.83 Countercurrent exchange in cephalopod respiration. (a) General p...Figure 8.84 Cephalopod excretory systems. (a) Internal anatomy of the cuttle...Figure 8.85 Cephalopod excretion. (a) Renal sac structure in the cuttlefish Figure 8.86 Cephalopod nervous systems. (a) Superior view of the brain of Oc ...Figure 8.87 Cephalopod rapid escape response. (a) Arrangement of circular an...Figure 8.88 Cephalopod mechanoreception. (a) Stylized “octopod” statocyst; (...Figure 8.89 Gravity detection in cephalopods: polarized hair cells. The rela...Figure 8.90 Cross section of a stylized octopod crista with attached cupula ...Figure 8.91 The pinhole eye of Nautilus . (a) Diagram of the basic pinhole ty...Figure 8.92 Cephalopod vision. (a) The eye of Octopus ; (b) teleost fish eye ...Figure 8.93 Cephalopod vision. (a) The converse retina of Octopus ; (b) the i...Figure 8.94 Dermal chromatophores. Contraction of muscle bands causes expans...Figure 8.95 Cephalopod bioluminescence. Photophore positions (black areas or...Figure 8.96 Schematic lateral view of a squid showing the relative positions...Figure 8.97 Buoyancy control in Nautilus . (a) Section of Nautilus showing th...Figure 8.98 Buoyancy control in Spirula . (a) Lateral view of the internal st...Figure 8.99 Diagrammatic longitudinal section through the cuttlebone of an a...Figure 8.100 Life history models. (a) Alternating generation model: young of...Figure 8.101 Life cycle of Illex illecebrosus . Larger solid arrows show nort...Figure 8.102 Cephalopod reproductive systems. (a) Female reproductive system...Figure 8.103 Distribution as a function of depth and habitat for cephalopod ...