Joseph J. Torres - Life in the Open Ocean

Euphausia p ...Table 12.14 Mesopelagic fish energetics. Brief comparison of energy usage fo...Table 12.15 Metabolic rates of cephalopods in the California Current and Ant...Table 12.16 Metabolic rates of pteropods, annelids, and salps from tropical–...Table 12.17 Metabolic rates of medusae and ctenophores from tropical–subtrop...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The Earth's surface area. (a) Earth’s surface area as a function ... Figure 1.2 Dynamic viscosity ( μ ). A fluid’s “stickiness” or resistanc... Figure 1.3 Flow‐induced differential pressure. (a) Drag. (b) Lift. Figure 1.4 The Polar Oceans. (a) Arctic Ocean basin. (b) Southern Ocean surr... Figure 1.5 Geostrophic (surface) currents. Figure 1.6 Thermohaline (deep) currents. Figure 1.7 Coriolis effect. Differences in velocity of Earth's surface as a ... Figure 1.8 Coriolis effect. Apparent curved path of an object not coupled to... Figure 1.9 Ekman transport. Net spiral pattern of wind‐driven motion down th... Figure 1.10 Upwelling and downwelling. (a) Ekman transport caused by wind bl... Figure 1.11 T‐S diagram. Temperature–salinity plot from an oceanographic sta... Figure 1.12 Standard depth profiles of temperature at low, middle, and high ... Figure 1.13 Surface and central water masses. Figure 1.14 Intermediate water masses. Figure 1.15 Deep and bottom water masses: sources and flow patterns. AAIW, A... Figure 1.16 Flow patterns and mixing of water masses in the Southern Ocean. ... Figure 1.17 Oxygen and temperature profiles from four oceanic regions. (a) A... Figure 1.18 Typical oceanic oxygen concentrations. (a) Surface; (b) 500 m. Figure 1.19 Mechanical wave propagation. (a) Transverse wave. Particles disp... Figure 1.20 Velocity of sound in seawater as a function of depth. Maximum ve... Figure 1.21 Total spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Figure 1.22 Attenuation of different wavelengths of light as a function of d... Figure 1.23 Light intensity and photic zonation as a function of depth in co... Figure 1.24 Oceanic depth zones. Examples of typical fauna from each zone ar...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Biogeographic ranges and distributions of four species of epipela... Figure 2.2 Thermal tolerance and lethal limits. (a) Thermal tolerance polygo... Figure 2.3 Energy distribution curves for a population of molecules at two d... Figure 2.4 Precht’s patterns of temperature acclimation. Animals are acclima... Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of the relation between temperature and ... Figure 2.6 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (international units gWM −1... Figure 2.7 Citrate synthase (CS) activities (international units g WM −1... Figure 2.8 Changes in enzyme activity as a function of time after changes in... Figure 2.9 The effect of temperature on the K mof acetylcholine for acetylch... Figure 2.10 The effect of temperature on apparent Michaelis constant ( K m) of... Figure 2.11 Michaelis–Menten saturation kinetics: three types of relationshi... Figure 2.12 Effects of assay temperature on the apparent Michaelis constant ... Figure 2.13 The relationship between the catalytic rate constant ( K cat) and ... Figure 2.14 Membrane structure. (A) Schematic representation of a membrane s... Figure 2.15 The relationship between adaptation temperature and percentage o... Figure 2.16 Temperature acclimation and phospholipid class. Time course of c... Figure 2.17 The effect of pressure on Excitatory Junction Potentials (EJP) r... Figure 2.18 Respiration of euphausiids plotted against depth using the indic... Figure 2.19 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the apparent Michaelis con... Figure 2.20 Effects of pressure on gill Na +, K +‐ATPase activities in fishes ... Figure 2.21 Effects of lipid substitution on the pressure responses of Na +, ... Figure 2.22 Oxygen consumption rate of the lophogastrid Gnathophausia ingens Figure 2.23 Oxygen consumption rate, percent utilization of oxygen, and vent... Figure 2.24 Relationship between percent utilization and ventilation volume ... Figure 2.25 Osmoregulation in teleosts. Balance of water and ion concentrati... Figure 2.26 Osmoregulation in elasmobranchs. The osmolytes urea (a) and trim... Figure 2.27 Relationship between routine respiration (solid line) and maximu... Figure 2.28 The relationship between water content and minimum depth of occu... Figure 2.29 Metabolic rates of diverse marine species as a function of minim... Figure 2.30 Activities of the respiratory enzymes citrate synthase (aerobic;...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Tissue layer homologies in cnidarians. (a) A hydrozoan polyp; (b)... Figure 3.2 Diagram to define the radii of a medusa. P . are the per‐radii on ... Figure 3.3 Diagram of a medusa with one quadrant removed. Figure 3.4 Cnidarian structure. (a) Diagram of a hydroid polyp; (b) cross se... Figure 3.5 Medusae structure. (a) Diagrams of umbrella shapes of different m... Figure 3.6 Anatomy of hydrozoan polyps. (a) Composite diagram of a thecate h... Figure 3.7 (a) The hydrozoan polyp Coryne eximia with newly liberated medusa... Figure 3.8 Life cycles of hydrozoans. (a) Obelia , a thecate hydroid with fre... Figure 3.9 Hydrozoan medusae. (a) The trachymedusa Aglaura hemistoma . (b) Th... Figure 3.10 Scyphomedusae. (a) General anatomy of a scyphomedusa. (b) Oral v... Figure 3.11 Coronatae. (a) The coronate scyphomedusa Periphylla (helmet jell... Figure 3.12 Life cycles of scyphozoans. (a) Aurelia sp. (moon jellyfish); (b... Figure 3.13 Rhizostomeae. Development of the mouth arms of Mastigias : (a) ea... Figure 3.14 Cubomedusae. (a) Cross section through the bell of Carybdea ; (b)... Figure 3.15 Nematocyst structure. (a) Before discharge; (b) after discharge.... Figure 3.16 Feeding behavior of Pelagia noctiluca on motile prey. (a) When t... Figure 3.17 Patterns of tentacle deployment seen in medusae, siphonophores, ... Figure 3.18 Different hunting and feeding behaviors of medusae. Shaded areas... Figure 3.19 Prey capture and ingestion in Carybdea marsupialis . (a) Prey cap... Figure 3.20 Jet propulsion in medusae. (a) Bell expansion and water intake; ... Figure 3.21 Oral surface of the subumbrella of Cyanea capillata . The oral ar... Figure 3.22 Nerve net in a hydromedusa. Figure 3.23 Sensory mechanisms: rhopalia. (a) Position of the rhopalia of th... Figure 3.24 Basic statocyst structure showing the calcium carbonate statolit... Figure 3.25 Examples of the three suborders of siphonophores. Cystonectae; (... Figure 3.26 Siphonophore zooids. (a) Gastrozooid. (b) Dactylozooid. (c) Gono... Figure 3.27 Siphonophore nectophores. (a) Basic unmodified nectophore. (b) C... Figure 3.28 Siphonophore bracts. (a) Basic leaf‐shaped bract, suborder Physo... Figure 3.29 Vertical section of the simple type of pneumatophore of Agalma .... Figure 3.30 Siphonophore colony structure. (a) Cross section of a siphonopho... Figure 3.31 Siphonophore cormidia. (a) Calycophoran Nectocarmen antonioi . (b... Figure 3.32 Comparison of the life cycle of an agalmid siphonophore with tha... Figure 3.33 Cyclic fishing behavior and optimization of feeding space. (a) T... Figure 3.34 Dimorphism of Physalia . (a) Right handed (left sailing); (b) lef... Figure 3.35 Degrees of dependence on gelatinous parts for flotation. (a) Rhi ... Figure 3.36 The four major temperate zones of the ocean surface. The Tropica... Figure 3.37 Simplified wiring diagram of a physonectid siphonophore. Only ec... Figure 3.38 Porpitidae. (a) Pelagic polyp colony and medusa of Porpita porpi ... Figure 3.39 Life cycle of Tubularia , an athecate hydroid that does not relea...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Basic ctenophore morphology. (a) The cydippid ctenophore Pleurobr ... Figure 4.2 Typical young cydippid larva. Figure 4.3 Ctenophore anatomy. (a) General anatomy of a cydippid ctenophore,... Figure 4.4 Symmetry and polar fields. (a) Aboral view of the cydippid ctenop... Figure 4.5 Aboral sense organs. (a) Statocyst of a cydippid ctenophore. (b) ... Figure 4.6 Lobate ctenophores. (a and b) Morphological comparison of cydippi... Figure 4.7 Cestid ctenophores. (a) The cestid ctenophore Velamen ; (b) enlarg... Figure 4.8 Beroid ctenophores. (a) Aboral view of Beroë (flattened aspe... Figure 4.9 Platyctenid ctenophores. (a) The platyctenid Ctenoplana sp. showi... Figure 4.10 Ganeshid and thalassocalycid ctenophores. (a) The ganeshid cteno... Figure 4.11 Ctenophore tentacles. (a) Longitudinal section through a ctenoph... Figure 4.12 Prey encounter zones. (a) Tentacles fish within a volume describ...Figure 4.13 The lobate ctenophore Leucothea ochracea .Figure 4.14 The Black Sea region of Eastern Europe showing the two narrow st...Figure 4.15 Impact of ctenophores on fish populations. (a) Average abundance...Figure 4.16 Gastrovascular canal structure. (a) A rosette cell from the gast...Figure 4.17 The arrangement of the principal components of the apical organ/...Figure 4.18 Function of balancer cilia in ctenophores. (a) Apical organ poin...Figure 4.19 Statocyst control of movement in Pleurobrachia . (a) A horizontal...Figure 4.20 Transverse section through the region of the pharynx of Pleurobr...Figure 4.21 Comparison of a hypothesis of ctenophore phylogeny based on morp...

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