Joseph J. Torres - Life in the Open Ocean

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The lancelet, Amphioxus species.Figure 9.2 Solitary and colonial ascidians. (a) The solitary ascidian Ciona ...Figure 9.3 Thaliaceans: pyrosomes, doliolids, and salps. (a) Colonial thalia...Figure 9.4 A phylogeny of Metazoa.Figure 9.5 Diagrammatic lateral view (a) and cross section (b) of a tunicate...Figure 9.6 Ascidian larvae and metamorphosis. (a) An ascidian tadpole larva....Figure 9.7 Pyrosomes. (a) A colony of Pyrosoma atlanticum ; (b) longitudinal ...Figure 9.8 Developmental stages of Pyrosoma atlanticum . (a) Early embryo and...Figure 9.9 Illustrations of the two distinct morphs of salps. (a) Solitary f...Figure 9.10 Patterns of arrangement of aggregate salps. Representative gener...Figure 9.11 The two morphs of the salp Soestia zonaria . (a) Solitary form; (...Figure 9.12 Morphology of salps. (a) Morphology of an oozooid (solitary zooi...Figure 9.13 Three basic stages in the salp life cycle: (i) solitary asexual ...Figure 9.14 Salp reproduction. (a) Lateral view of a solitary embryo (oozooi...Figure 9.15 The developed oozooid of Salpa thompsonii .Figure 9.16 Doliolid anatomy. (a) Basic anatomy of a young oozooid of Doliol ...Figure 9.17 Doliolid development: “nurse” stage. (a) “Early nurse” stage wit...Figure 9.18 Doliolid zooid morphology. (a) A gastrozooid of Dolioletta gegen ...Figure 9.19 Doliolid larval development. (a) Early larva of Doliolum denticu ...Figure 9.20 Doliolid life cycle. Larvae develop into a non‐feeding oozooid (...Figure 9.21 Appendicularian anatomy. (a–c) are comparisons among the three f...Figure 9.22 Appendicularian anatomy. Anatomy of Fritillaria pellucida : (a) l...Figure 9.23 Appendicularian life cycle.Figure 9.24 Appendicularian house production. Diagrammatic lateral view of t...Figure 9.25 Appendicularian house building cycle. After abandoning an old ho...Figure 9.26 Water circulation through an oikopleurid house.Figure 9.27 Feeding filter dynamic. (a) Lateral view into the sinus at the o...Figure 9.28 Pyrosomes. Photos from life of a pyrosome in natural light (uppe...Figure 9.29 Illustrations of the structural differences between the blastozo...Figure 9.30 Pyrosome nervous system. (a) Nervous system in the mouth region ...Figure 9.31 The nervous system of thaliaceans. (a) Nervous system of the ooz...Figure 9.32 The nervous system and eye of thaliaceans. (a) The nervous syste...Figure 9.33 The Langerhans receptor of Oikopleura . (a) Stereogram showing th...Figure 9.34 Thaliacian circulatory systems. (a) Blood flow in Thalia democra ...Figure 9.35 Impact of appendicularians on oceanic food webs and their involv...Figure 9.36 Oikopleurid appendicularian illustrating the location of inclusi...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Internal anatomy of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma .Figure 10.2 Taxonomic concepts and teleostean phylogeny. (a) Taxonomic conce...Figure 10.3 Fish evolution and ocean paleohistory. Stars indicate the five g...Figure 10.4 Ancestral fish groups. (a) Class Conodonta; (b) superclass Osteo...Figure 10.5 A proposed chordate phylogeny (gray) with fossil presence (strat...Figure 10.6 Phylogenetic relationships among Actinopterygian fishes. Daggers...Figure 10.7 Examples from fossil groups that are possible stem ancestors of ...Figure 10.8 Ancestral and modern sharks. (a) The ancestral shark Hybodus sp....Figure 10.9 Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Restoration of the ancestral holoce...Figure 10.10 Agnatha (hagfishes). (a) Lateral view of a stylized modern hagf...Figure 10.11 Lamprey anatomy. (a) Lateral view of the European river lamprey...Figure 10.12 Lamprey life cycle. Segments of the pie chart represent the dif...Figure 10.13 Shark skeletal structure.Figure 10.14 The Batoidea. (a) The guitarfish Rhinbatos lentiginosus ; (b) th...Figure 10.15 Filter‐feeding sharks and rays. (a) The manta ray Mobula hypost ...Figure 10.16 The Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Short‐nose chimaera Hydrolagus ...Figure 10.17 Hydrolagus colliei . (a) Anterior view of H. colliei . Arrows sho...Figure 10.18 Coelacanths. (a) Adult male coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae ; (b)...Figure 10.19 Leptocephalus larva of an ophichthid eel.Figure 10.20 The elopomorphs. (a) The tarpon Megalops atlanticus ; (b) the bo...Figure 10.21 The Anguilliformes and Sachopharyngiformes. (a) The snipe eel N ...Figure 10.22 Highly productive regions associated with either upwelling or r...Figure 10.23 Opisthoproctidae. (a) Dorsal view of the spookfish Dolichoptery ...Figure 10.24 The alepocephalid Photostylus pycnopterus .Figure 10.25 Bathylagids. (a) The silvery‐colored, upper‐mesopelagic bathyla...Figure 10.26 The platytroctid Holtbyrnia sp. showing the tube that gives the...Figure 10.27 A comparison of biological characteristics between three specie...Figure 10.28 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head (bottom) of the lar...Figure 10.29 Combinations of co‐dominant species of Cyclothone from the Paci...Figure 10.30 The phosichthyid Vinciguerria poweriae : whole body (top) and cl...Figure 10.31 The sternoptychid Valenciennellus tripunctulatus . Note the well...Figure 10.32 Sternoptychidae: examples of the three genera of hatchetfishes....Figure 10.33 Astronesthinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.34 Chauliodontinae. (a) Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.35 Idiacanthinae. Lateral view of the whole body (upper) and a clo...Figure 10.36 Melanostomiinae. (a) Lateral view (upper) and close‐up of the h...Figure 10.37 Malacosteinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the head...Figure 10.38 Stomiinae. (a) The stomiid Stomias boa ferox ; (b) day‐night dis...Figure 10.39 The alepisaurid Alepisaurus ferox .Figure 10.40 Evermanellidae. (a) Close‐up of the head of Odonostomops normal ...Figure 10.41 Giganturidae. (a) Adult Gigantura chuni . (b) Close‐up of the he...Figure 10.42 Notosudidae. (a) The notosudid Scopelosaurus smithi ; (b) close‐...Figure 10.43 The omosudid Omosudis lowei .Figure 10.44 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of the paralepidid Figure 10.45 Scopelarchidae. Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of Figure 10.46 Neoscopelidae. External characteristics of shallow and deep liv...Figure 10.47 Names of individual photophores and photophore groups in the My...Figure 10.48 Two species of myctophids in the subfamily Diaphinae. (a) Later...Figure 10.49 A comparison of external characteristics of three species from ...Figure 10.50 Two species of myctophids from the subfamily Myctophinae. (a) C ...Figure 10.51 Diel vertical profiles of four dominant myctophid species in th...Figure 10.52 A comparison of growth rates for two cold‐temperate species, th...Figure 10.53 The Lampriformes. (a) the oarfish, Regalecus glesne ; (b) the op...Figure 10.54 The Stylephoriformes. (a) The tube‐eye (or thread‐tail), Stylep ...Figure 10.55 The Gadiformes. (a) a codlet, Bregmaceros sp. The first dorsal ...Figure 10.56 The melamphaid Melamphaes suborbitalis .Figure 10.57 Four radically different life stages displayed by the Cetomimid...Figure 10.58 Adult (a) and juvenile (b) Anoplogaster cornuta . Note the diffe...Figure 10.59 The Gempylidae (snake mackerels). (a) The oilfish Ruvettus pret ...Figure 10.60 The trichiurid (cutlassfish) Trichiurus lepturus .Figure 10.61 The classification system for the Scombridae showing the four‐t...Figure 10.62 Classification system for the suborder Xiphioidei (the billfish...Figure 10.63 The Beloniformes. (a) The hemiramphid Hyporamphus unifasciatus ...Figure 10.64 Gigantactinidae. (a) Adult female Gigantactis gargantuai with l...Figure 10.65 Linophrynidae. (a) Adult female Linophryne sp. with attached ma...Figure 10.66 Melanocetidae. (a) Adult female Melanocetus murrayi ; (b) free‐l...Figure 10.67 Anglerfish life history: metamorphosis. (a) Female Melanocetus ...Figure 10.68 Frontal and side views of the Ocean Sunfish Mola Mola .Figure 10.69 Two species of liparids, (a) Careproctus trachysoma and (b) Cry ...Figure 10.70 Carangidae (jacks). (a) Decapterus macarellus , the mackerel sca...Figure 10.71 Caristiidae (manefish). The manefish Caristius macropus .Figure 10.72 Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish or mahi mahi). The dolphinfish Coryp ...Figure 10.73 Zoarcidae. (a) The eelpout Melanostigma pammelas ; (b) close‐up ...Figure 10.74 Chiasmodontidae. (a) Chiasmodon niger , the black swallower. Not...Figure 10.75 External anatomy and morphometrics. (a) A stylized teleost show...Figure 10.76 The cartilaginous skeletal elements of a shark.Figure 10.77 The teleost skeleton. (a) The bones of the skull; (b) the axial...Figure 10.78 Dead‐end and crossflow filtration. (a) Dead‐end filtration with...Figure 10.79 Pharyngeal jaws and teeth. (a) Schematic lateral view of the he...Figure 10.80 Digestive systems. (a) Internal anatomy of a shark (spiny dogfi...Figure 10.81 Intestine anatomy. (a) Three‐dimensional representation of the ...Figure 10.82 Circulatory system. (a) Schematic diagram of the circulatory sy...Figure 10.83 Elasmobranch and teleost heart structure. (a) Elasmobranch hear...Figure 10.84 Schematic diagram of the vertebrate vascular system showing the...Figure 10.85 Block diagram of the teleost primary and secondary circulations...Figure 10.86 Teleost gill structure. (a) Arrangement of gill filaments with ...Figure 10.87 Gill structure in elasmobranch and teleost fishes. (A) Horizont...Figure 10.88 Diagram of a cross section through four filaments of the gill o...Figure 10.89 The structure of heme (porphyrin ring plus a ferrous iron), of ...Figure 10.90 Oxygen equilibrium curves for myoglobin and hemoglobin.Figure 10.91 The Bohr and Root Effects. Bohr Effect: shifts in the oxygen eq...Figure 10.92 A comparison of the Bohr and Haldane Effects. (a) Bohr Effect: ...Figure 10.93 The swimbladder. (a) Position of the swimbladder and rete mirab...Figure 10.94 Skin and scales. (a) Section through the skin of a teleost show...Figure 10.95 Salt balance in a marine teleost showing influx through the mou...Figure 10.96 (a) Schematic representation of a chloride cell from the opercu...Figure 10.97 Form and function in the five basic types of swimming in fishes...Figure 10.98 Fish musculature form and function. (a) Diagram showing how a b...Figure 10.99 The scombrid great lateral tendon. (a) The caudal tendons of a ...Figure 10.100 Schematic comparison between slow (red) fiber and fast (white)...Figure 10.101 Relation between power requirements for swimming and swim spee...Figure 10.102 Thermoregulation in the bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus ). (a) Re...Figure 10.103 Water content as a function of minimum depth of occurrence in ...Figure 10.104 Nervous system. (a) Diagram of a motor neuron showing its four...Figure 10.105 Comparison of teleost and elasmobranch brain anatomy. (a) Dors...Figure 10.106 Spinal cord and spinal nerves. (a) Diagram of a typical spinal...Figure 10.107 The choroid rete. (a) Section through the eye of a teleost sho...Figure 10.108 Diagram of a light‐adapted (left) and a dark‐adapted (right) r...Figure 10.109 Tubular eyes and retinal adaptations. (a) Diagram of the outli...Figure 10.110 Mechanoreception. (a) Neuromast hair cell on the left showing ...Figure 10.111 Mechanoreception. (a) Lateral‐line organs and canals on the he...Figure 10.112 Mechanoreception: hearing. (a) Diagram of the inner ear of a t...Figure 10.113 Electroreception. (a) Diagram of the distribution of ampullae ...Figure 10.114 Chemoreception. (a) Diagram of the nares of a typical teleost;...Figure 10.115 Photophore structure. (a) Cyclothone sp. and its simple cup‐sh...Figure 10.116 Photophores. (a) Close‐up of the head of Pachystomias microdon Figure 10.117 Luminous organs. The ventral light‐guide system in Opisthoproc ...