Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine

28 Chapter 41Figure 41.1 Main risk factors and vulnerable groups of older people for COVI...

29 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Inhaled medication in COPD. ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, l...

30 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Sleep hypnogram for a young adult and an 80‐year‐old. Horizontal...

31 Chapter 46Figure 46.1 the interplay of different pathogenetic mechanisms in NPH.Figure 46.2 CT scan showing typical features of NPH, with ventricular enlarg...Figure 46.3 T1‐weighted axial view showing the maximum diameter of the horns...Figure 46.4 Coronal T1‐weighted views showing enlarged ventricles (*) and DE...Figure 46.5 T1‐weighted sagittal view through the midline showing the narrow...Figure 46.6 T1‐weighted coronal view through the posterior commissure, perpe...Figure 46.7 Idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus grading scale (iNPHGS)....Figure 46.8 Schema for predicting shunt responsiveness. A positive response ...Figure 46.9 Diagnostic criteria according to the Japanese Guidelines, 2012....Figure 46.10 Diagram of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt system.Figure 46.11 Valve pressure programming for the Codman–Hakim shunt. A built‐...Figure 46.12 Ventricles do not necessarily shrink after successful shunting....Figure 46.13 Subdural effusion. (a) Note the hypodense collection in the sub...

32 Chapter 47Figure 47.1 (a) Early changes of right MCA territory infarction on CT scan; ...Figure 47.2 Multiple areas of hyperintense wedge‐shaped cerebral infarction ...Figure 47.3 Carotid artery dissection on MR imaging. There is left carotid d...Figure 47.4 Carotid artery stenosis.Figure 47.5 Effect of surgery on the absolute risk of main trial outcomes at...

33 Chapter 48Figure 48.1 Activation on functional MRI during a choice reaction task in a ...Figure 48.2 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...Figure 48.3 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...

34 Chapter 49Figure 49.1 Normal swallowing process.

35 Chapter 50Figure 50.1 Schematic representation of a subdural hematoma. The dura has tw...Figure 50.2 CT scan of a left acute SDH (hyperdensity) with associated midli...Figure 50.3 Head CT showing (a) bilateral chronic SDH (hypodensities) and (b...Figure 50.4 (a) T2‐weighted MRI showing bilateral chronic SDH; (b) T1‐weight...

36 Chapter 53Figure 53.1 MRI showing a convex aspect of the midbrain, indicating atrophy ...

37 Chapter 55Figure 55.1 Schematic presentation of the main lines of the pathogenesis of ...

38 Chapter 57Figure 57.1 Dermatomyositis. Note the erythema over the knuckles (Gottron’s ...Figure 57.2 Dermatomyositis. Muscle biopsy (Haematoxylin & Eosin stain [H&E]...Figure 57.3 Polymyositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×115). Note the endomysial inf...Figure 57.4 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×460). Note the two...Figure 57.5 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (electron micrograph, ×13...Figure 57.6 Type II fibre atrophy. Muscle biopsy (ATPase, pH 9.4, ×30). The ...Figure 57.7 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.8 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.9 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.10 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.11 Myotonic dystrophy. Characteristic facial appearance. Note the ...Figure 57.12 Mitochondrial cytopathy. Muscle biopsy (modified Gomori trichro...

39 Chapter 63Figure 63.1 Evolution of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis criteria over the pas...

40 Chapter 65Figure 65.1 The pyramid of vascular cognitive impairment vs. vascular dement...

41 Chapter 66Figure 66.1 Cognitive reserve.

42 Chapter 67Figure 67.1 Alzheimer’s disease and the potential roles of physical activity...

43 Chapter 68Figure 68.1 Main results of clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease over tim...

44 Chapter 69Figure 69.1 Schematic diagram depicting the spectrum of vascular cognitive i...Figure 69.2 Differentiation of clinical features of vascular dementia by ves...Figure 69.3 Schematic representation depicting how Lewy bodies (DLB) and Par...Figure 69.4 Clinico‐pathologic correlation of the clinical subtypes of front...

45 Chapter 70Figure 70.1 Conceptual model describing interactions of individuals with dem...

46 Chapter 71Figure 71.1 In this model, changes in functional connectivity, inflammation,...

47 Chapter 73Figure 73.1 Outline of the life cycle for an individual. At each stage, mult...Figure 73.2 The pyramid of services for people with mental health problems i...

48 Chapter 75Figure 75.1 Mechanisms subserving balance in humans.Figure 75.2 Normal sequence of events leading to recovery from a peripheral ...Figure 75.3 Head thrust test: normal to the left (a) and (b), abnormal to th...Figure 75.4 The Dix‐Hallpike manoeuvre for inducing positional nystagmus.Figure 75.5 Pathophysiological mechanisms of cupulolithiasis and canalithias...Figure 75.6 Particle repositioning procedure for canalithiasis of the left p...Figure 75.7 Factors predisposing to decompensation.

49 Chapter 76Figure 76.1 Schematic drawing of the major layers of the olfactory bulb and ...Figure 76.2 Scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Te...Figure 76.3 Male normative data for the University of Pennsylvania Smell Ide...Figure 76.4 Prevalence of smell impairment in men and women by age group usi...Figure 76.5 (a) and (b) Distribution of taste buds on the human tongue. Tast...

50 Chapter 77Figure 77.1 Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in po...Figure 77.2 Treatment pathways according to the categorisation of fracture r...

51 Chapter 78Figure 78.1 The 30‐Second Chair Stand assessment.Figure 78.2 The 4‐Stage Balance Test assessment.Figure 78.3 The Berg Balance Scale.Figure 78.4 (a) The walking gait cycle. During double stance, the weight is ...Figure 78.5 The Get Up and Go Test.Figure 78.6 The Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries (STEADI) algor...

52 Chapter 79Figure 79.1 Classification of hip fractures by Parker and Johansen.Figure 79.2 Intracapsular fracture fixed with three screws.Figure 79.3 Fracture treated with an uncemented Moore hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.4 Fracture treated with a cemented total arthroplasty.Figure 79.5 Bipolar hemiarthroplasty.Figure 79.6 Trochanteric fracture fixed by dynamic hip screw.Figure 79.7 Trochanteric fracture fixed by gamma nail.

53 Chapter 80Figure 80.1 Common foot problems in older people. (a) Onychomycosis; (b) dia...

54 Chapter 81Figure 81.1 Classical feedback loop between glucose and pancreatic secretion...Figure 81.2 Effects of disease on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, an...Figure 81.3 Effects of aging on feedback among hypothalamus, pituitary, and ...Figure 81.4 Differences in protein binding of testosterone between young and...

55 Chapter 82Figure 82.1 Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and its hypothalamic...

56 Chapter 83Figure 83.1 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of an...Figure 83.2 Algorithm for diagnosing thyroid disorders in the presence of re...Figure 83.3 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...Figure 83.4 Algorithm for diagnosing and managing thyroid nodule in the pres...

57 Chapter 84Figure 84.1 The follicular content of the ovary determines two different sce...Figure 84.2 The ovary of a young woman, replete with follicles, and that of ...Figure 84.3 The Study of Women Across the Nation found that ethnic origin in...Figure 84.4 The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study found a reduction of 3...Figure 84.5 Trunk obesity increases the release of free fatty acids (FFA) to...

58 Chapter 85Figure 85.1 Diagnosis of hypogonadism.

59 Chapter 89Figure 89.1 Algorithm for evaluating and managing prostate cancer in the eld...

60 Chapter 92Figure 92.1 (a) Cancer incidence rates in men; (b) cancer incidence rates in...Figure 92.2 Guideline for the management of senior adult oncology patients....