Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine

101 Chapter 134Table 134.1 Pros and cons of different animal models in research on ageing.Table 134.2 Structural and functional changes associated with ageing in the...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 A Gompertz curve showing the increase in the incidence of death w... Figure 1.2 The ‘non‐Gompertzian’ curve of the incidence of death in the nake... Figure 1.3 The rectangularization or compression of mortality (dotted line) ...

2 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 The societal and community factors that influence an older adult'... Figure 4.2 United States population separated by age and gender in 2020 and ... Figure 4.3 Trends in the relationship status of adults over age 50 in the US... Figure 4.4 A summary of suboptimal and ideal reasons for older adults to con... Figure 4.5 Risk factors, possible adverse events, and possible treatment opt...

3 Chapter 6 Figure 6.1 The hallmarks of brain ageing.

4 Chapter 10 Figure 10.1 The Eight C considerations of appropriate prescribing.

5 Chapter 11 Figure 11.1 Reason’s Swiss cheese model. Figure 11.2 A proposed scheme for the effects of hospitalization on frail ol... Figure 11.3 Three common clinical scenarios where delirium, incontinence, an...

6 Chapter 12 Figure 12.1 Decline in olfaction with age. University of Pennsylvania Smell ...

7 Chapter 13 Figure 13.1 Overview of the mechanisms involved in appetite regulation. Figure 13.2 The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of hormones. Figure 13.3 Anorexia as a multifactorial geriatric syndrome with poor outcom...

8 Chapter 14 Figure 14.1 Malnutrition clinical presentations according to inflammation in... Figure 14.2 Mini‐Nutritional Assessment (MNA).

9 Chapter 15 Figure 15.1 Osmotic control of water balance. The hypothalamus supraoptic (S... Figure 15.2 Pressure‐volume control of water and sodium balance. Barorecepto... Figure 15.3 Renal action of ADH in water conservation. Figure 15.4 Comparisons of disorders of thirst. Serum ADH levels increase wi... Figure 15.5 Algorithm of workup and therapy for hyponatremia. Review medicat...

10 Chapter 17 Figure 17.1 Normal oesophageal manometry displayed as a pressure topography ... Figure 17.2 Barium swallow in a patient with achalasia, demonstrating a dila... Figure 17.3 Oesophageal manometry in achalasia (type 2), displayed as a pres... Figure 17.4 Manometry recording in distal oesophageal spasm, displayed as a ... Figure 17.5 Barium swallow in a patient with distal oesophageal spasm, demon... Figure 17.6 Scintigraphic gastric emptying study. Part of the radiolabelled ...

11 Chapter 20 Figure 20.1 Illustration of the defecatory process. Figure 20.2 An abdominal radiograph obtained 5 days after ingestion of a cap...

12 Chapter 21 Figure 21.1 Acute necrotizing pancreatitis, with a bilobed walled‐off necros... Figure 21.2 Atrophied pancreas with dilated, irregular pancreatic duct and i... Figure 21.3 Hypoenhancing lesion with a central cystic component at the panc...

13 Chapter 22 Figure 22.1 Aetiology of anaemia. Figure 22.2 Most prevalent types of anaemia in older adults. Figure 22.3 Diagnostic laboratory values for iron deficiency anaemia, anaemi... Figure 22.4 Diagnostic laboratory values for vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia.... Figure 22.5 Key mechanisms for anaemia of chronic disease.

14 Chapter 23 Figure 23.1 Mechanism of microvascular thrombosis and bleeding in DIC. Broke...

15 Chapter 24 Figure 24.1 Coagulation cascade. Figure 24.2 The natural anticoagulant pathway directly inhibits and negative...

16 Chapter 25 Figure 25.1 Relationship between the intensity of anticoagulation and the ri...

17 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Overlap between frailty, comorbidity, and disability. ADL, activ...Figure 28.2 (a) Unadjusted Kaplan‐Meier cumulative probability of incident f...Figure 28.3 Hazard ratios for mortality by BMI after adjustment for age, his...Figure 28.4 Epidemiology of heart failure. AMI, acute myocardial infarction;...

18 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Junctional bradycardia: failure of sinus beats has resulted in a...Figure 29.2 Rhythm strip showing advanced second‐degree heart block. The sec...Figure 29.3 Complete heart block. Rhythm strip showing P waves (arrows) that...Figure 29.4 Atrial tachycardia. Abnormal, inverted P waves are seen (arrows)...Figure 29.5 Twelve‐lead ECG of typical atrial flutter with variable AV block...Figure 29.6 Rhythm strip of a patient in AF with a slow ventricular response...Figure 29.7 Lead II rhythm strip of a patient with chronic AF who presented ...Figure 29.8 Rhythm strip showing single and paired ventricular ectopic beats...Figure 29.9 Rhythm strip showing non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia.Figure 29.10 Rhythm strip showing an episode of ventricular fibrillation wit...Figure 29.11 Chest X‐ray of a patient with an ICD (atrial and ventricular le...

19 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Schematic presentation of the main factors involved in the patho...Figure 30.2 Main outlines of the treatment of stable and decompensated ischa...Figure 30.3 Types of myocardial infarctions. Type 1, infarction related to c...

20 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C),...Figure 31.2 Regression estimates of mean plasma lipid values by age for male...Figure 31.3 Modification of lipid patterns by lifestyle change and drugs. Li...Figure 31.4 Effects on major vascular events per mmol/L reduction in LDL cho...Figure 31.5 Secondary prevention in patients with clinical ASCVD. ‘Very high...Figure 31.6 Flowchart for hepatotoxicity evaluation in patients on statin th...Figure 31.7 Flowchart for myopathy evaluation in patients on statin therapy....

21 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Pathophysiology of hypertension in older people. Age‐related vas...Figure 33.2 Suggested dynamic targets that are based on and change with pati...

22 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Schematic presentation of the pathophysiology of heart failure. ...Figure 34.2 Schematic presentation of the principles of heart failure manage...Figure 34.3 Nonpharmacological approaches in the management of heart failure...Figure 34.4 Treatment approach for symptomatic heart failure with reduced ej...

23 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Age distribution of cardiac procedures (2009–2018) in adult pati...Figure 35.2 Isolated aortic valve replacement by conventional cardiac surger...Figure 35.3 Type of cardiac surgery done in 185,013 patients undergoing hear...Figure 35.4 The rate of complications. In‐hospital mortality (circles and do...Figure 35.5 Management of STEMI patients within 12 hours of first medical co...Figure 35.6 Actuarial survival rate of 474 patients 80 years of age or older...Figure 35.7 Comparative data between an unselected population of 80‐year‐old...Figure 35.8 Choice of TAVI versus surgical AVR in the patient with severe sy...Figure 35.9 Change in procedure volume for aortic valve replacement (AVR; br...Figure 35.10 Survival following transcatheter aortic valve implantation depe...Figure 35.11 Long‐term survival of 614 consecutive patients who underwent ei...Figure 35.12 The therapeutic International Normalised Ratio (INR) window is ...Figure 35.13 Trends of surgical ablation in the US by operative procedure, 2...Figure 35.14 Adult and paediatric heart transplants according to median dono...Figure 35.15 The average yearly rate (during the first five years after pres...

24 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in age...Figure 36.2 Measurement and diagnostic characteristics of the ankle‐brachial...

25 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Diagnostic algorithm for lower‐limb DVT. DVT, deep vein thrombos...Figure 37.2 Diagnostic algorithm for PE without haemodynamic instability. PE...

26 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Decision tree for hospitalization of frail elderly patients with...

27 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 Possible mechanism for the development of aspiration pneumonia i...