Ernst Lueder - Liquid Crystal Displays

1 Cover

2 Series Page

3 Title Page

4 Copyright Page

5 Dedication Page

6 Foreword

7 Preface to the Third Edition

8 Preface to the Second Edition

9 Preface to the First Edition

10 About the Authors

11 1 Introduction

12 2 Liquid Crystal Materials and Liquid Crystal Cells2.1 Properties of Liquid Crystals 2.2 The Operation of a Twisted Nematic LCD References

13 3 Electro-optic Effects in Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystals3.1 The Planar and Harmonic Wave of Light 3.2 Propagation of Polarized Light in Birefringent Untwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells References

14 4 Electro-optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals4.1 The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells 4.2 The Various Types of TN Cells 4.3 Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour References

15 5 Descriptions of Polarization 5.1 The Characterizations of Polarization 5.2 A Differential Equation for the Propagation of Polarized Light through Anisotropic Media 5.3 Special Cases for Propagation of Light References

16 6 Propagation of Light with an Arbitrary Incident Angle through Anisotropic Media6.1 Basic Equations for the Propagation of Light 6.2 Enhancement of the Performance of LC Cells 6.3 Electro-optic Effects with Wide Viewing Angle 6.4 Multidomain VA Cells, Especially for TV 6.5 Polarizers with Increased Luminous Output 6.6 Two Non-birefringent Foils References

17 7 Modified Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 7.1 Polymer Dispersed LCDs (PDLCDs) 7.2 Guest-Host Displays References

18 8 Bistable Liquid Crystal Displays 8.1 Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays (FLCDs) 8.2 Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays 8.3 Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays References

19 9 Continuously Light Modulating Ferroelectric Displays 9.1 Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Devices 9.2 Antiferroelectric LCDs References

20 10 Addressing Schemes for Liquid Crystal Displays References

21 11 Direct Addressing

22 12 Passive Matrix Addressing of TN Displays12.1 The Basic Addressing Scheme and the Law of Alt and Pleshko 12.2 Implementation of PM Addressing 12.3 Multiple Line Addressing 12.4 Two Frequency Driving of PMLCDs References

23 13 Passive Matrix Addressing of Bistable Displays 13.1 Addressing of Ferroelectric LCDs 13.2 Addressing of Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays References

24 14 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with a-Si Thin Film Transistors (a-Si-TFTs) 14.1 Properties of a-Si Thin Film Transistors 14.2 Static Operation of TFTs in an LCD 14.3 The Dynamics of Switching by TFTs 14.4 Bias-Temperature Stress Test of TFTs 14.5 Drivers for AMLCDs 14.6 The Entire Addressing System 14.7 Layouts of Pixels with TFT Switches 14.8 Fabrication Processes of a-Si TFTs 14.9 Addressing of VA Displays 14.10 Motion Blur 14.11 The Optical Response of a VA Cell 14.12 Reduction of the Optical Response Time by a Special Addressing Waveform References

25 15 Addressing of LCDs with Poly-Si TFTs 15.1 Fabrication Steps for Top-Gate and Bottom-Gate Poly-Si TFTs 15.2 Laser Crystallization by Scanning or Large Area Anneal 15.3 Lightly Doped Drains for Poly-Si TFTs 15.4 The Kink Effect and its Suppression 15.5 Circuits with Poly-Si TFTs References

26 16 Liquid Crystal on Silicon Displays 16.1 Fabrication of LCOS with DRAM-Type Analog Addressing 16.2 SRAM-Type Digital Addressing of LCOS 16.3 Microdisplays Using LCOS Technology References

27 17 Addressing of Liquid Crystal Displays with Metal-Insulator-Metal Pixel Switches References

28 18 Addressing of LCDs with Two-Terminal Devices and Optical, Plasma, Laser and e-beam Techniques References

29 19 Components of LCD Cells 19.1 Additive Colours Generated by Absorptive Photosensitive Pigmented Colour Filters 19.2 Additive and Subtractive Colours Generated by Reflective Dichroic Colour Filters 19.3 Colour Generation by Three Stacked Displays 19.4 LED Backlights 19.5 Cell Assembly References

30 20 Projectors with Liquid Crystal Light Valves 20.1 Single Transmissive Light Valve Systems 20.2 Systems with Three Light Valves 20.3 Projectors with Two LC Light Valves 20.4 A Rear Projector with One or Three Light Valves 20.5 A Projector with Three Optically Addressed Light Valves References

31 21 Liquid Crystal Displays with Plastic Substrates21.1 Advantages of Plastic Substrates 21.2 Plastic Substrates and their Properties 21.3 Barrier Layers for Plastic Substrates 21.4 Thermo-Mechanical Problems with Plastics 21.5 Fabrication of TFTs and MIMs at Low Process Temperatures 21.6 Transfer of High Temperature Fabricated AMLCDs to a Flexible Substrate References

32 22 Printing of Layers for LC Cells 22.1 Printing Technologies 22.2 Surface Properties for Printing 22.3 Printing of Components for Displays 22.4 Cell Building by Lamination References

33 23 Advances of TFTs and Structures for Enhancing Mobility23.1 Physical Properties of Oxide Semiconductors 23.2 Mobility and Other Performance Criteria of TFTs 23.3 Materials and Structures for the Fabrication of Oxide TFTs 23.4 Printing of TFTs 23.5 Flexible Displays 23.6 Organic TFTs 23.7 LC Materials with a Short Switching Time References

34 24 Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Technologies24.1 Evolution of LC Technologies in TFT-LCDs 24.2 Fundamentals of the FFS Mode 24.3 Pixel Structure of the FFS Mode References

35 25 Automotive Applications of Liquid Crystal Displays25.1 Introduction 25.2 Communication Zones in the Vehicle 25.3 The Early Beginnings of Instrumentation 25.4 Overview and Display Solutions over Time 25.5 Display Technologies for Driver Information Systems 25.6 Fusion of the Instrument Cluster with the Centre Console Display Unit 25.7 Head-up Displays 25.8 Nomadic Devices 25.9 HMI for Vehicles References

36 Appendix 1: Formats of Flat Panel Displays

37 Appendix 2: Optical Units of Displays

38 Appendix 3: Properties of Polarized Light

39 Index

40 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Properties of liquid crystal materials Table 2.2 Properties of nematic LC materials with a wide temperature range

2 Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Various representations of the state of polarization

3 Chapter 14Table 14.1

4 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Characteristics of the white LED in Figure 19.19Table 19.2 Characteristics with shifted λ dvalues from those in Table 19.1Table 19.3 Comparison of data between a BLU without and with cone-shaped lensTable 19.4 Grating data and expected efficiencies

5 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Requirements of plastic substrates for LCDsTable 21.2 Properties of three plastic substrates

6 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Data of test liquidsTable 22.2 Comparison of wetting angles before and after surface cleaning with plasma and UV–ozoneTable 22.3 Free surface energies and wetting angles of various materials in the saturated stateTable 22.4 Free surface energy γ s and wetting angles of the same materials as in Table 22.3 right after UV–ozone cleaningTable 22.5 Surface tension γ sand parameter S of the solventsTable 22.6 Vapour pressure of some solventsTable 22.7 Surface energy γ safter various surface treatments and wetting angle after fluorinationTable 22.8 Fabrication condition of the OTFT array. This table was reproduced from Yase, K. et al., SID 09 , p. 200 with permission by The Society for Information Display

7 Chapter 23Table 23.1 t 0(in ms) for varying values of ε ||and ε ┴( d = 3.5 μm)

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 (a) Rod-like or calamitic liquid crystal molecule with director n ; (b) disc-like or discotic liquid crystal molecules Figure 2.2 Phases of LC materials versus temperature Figure 2.3 Top view of (a) the close packed hexagonal structure of the smectic