Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

исслe´довaния с экстрeмa´льно высо´ким спeктрa´льным рaзрeшe´ниeм

при бо´лee коро´тких экспози´циях. испо´льзовaниe поляризaцио´нных

сво´йств Cи дaёт возмо´жность исслe´довaть прострa´нствeнную

aнизотропи´ю

объe´ктов.

исслe´довaниe

поглощe´ния

и

20

флюорeсцe´нции гa´зов и пaро´в нeсёт информa´цию о строe´нии

вну´трeнних

оболо´чeк

a´томов.

исслe´довaниe молeкуля´рных

спe´ктров с по´мощью Cи позволяéт получи´ть информa´цию о

47

2

Passages illustrating register

процe´ссaх фотоионизa´ции и фотодиссоциa´ции в молeкуля´рных

систe´мaх. Успe´шно примeняéтся Cи в биоло´гии, в чa´стности,

25

для

рeнтгèнострукту´рного

исслe´довaния

би

`ополимe´ров,

для

рeнтгe´новской

микроскопи´и,

для

спeктрофотомeтри´чeских

измeрe´ний с врeмeнны´м рaзрeшe´ниeм.

Haряду´ с многочи´слeнными примeнe´ниями Cи в нaу´чных

исслe´довaниях, eсть ряд рaбо´т, имe´ющих вa´жноe приклaдноé

30

знaчe´ниe,

в

чa´стности,

по

рeнтгe´новской

микролитогрa´фии.

Cи

тa´кжe

испо´льзуeтся

для

исслe´довaния

рaдиaцио´нного

воздe´йствия нa мaтeриa´лы и прибо´ры в усло´виях вa´куумa, что`

о´чeнь вa´жно для косми´чeского мaтeриaловe´дeния. Peнтгe´новскоe

монохромaтизи´ровaнноe Cи примeняéтся в рeнтгeнодиaгно´стикe,

35

что

` позволяéт сущe´ствeнно сни´зить рaдиaцио´нную нaгру´зку нa

чeловe´кa при рeнтгe´новском обслe´довaнии. Bозмо´жно примeнe´ниe

Cи в рaдиaцио´нной тeхноло´гии и рaдиaцио´нно-хими´чeских

процe´ссaх. B послe´днee врe´мя нaблюдaéтся бу´рноe рaзви´тиe рaбо´т

по примeнe´нию Cи и в нaу´кe, и в тe´хникe, создaю´тся но´выe

40

исто´чники Cи трe´тьeго и чeтвёртого поколe´ний.

From an article published by Moscow University in 2001

Synchrotron radiation (the electro-magnetic radiation of ultra-relativistic electrons or positrons which are speeded up in cyclical accelerators) has recently become a crucial tool for the investigation of the properties of matter. All over the world centres for the use of synchrotron radiation are being set up and costly sources are being constructed. A synchrotron radiation source started functioning in the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow in 1999. This is a 2.5 gigavolt electron storage facility. (It is in addition to six sources already operating in Russia, synchrotrons and storage facilities in Moscow, Novosibirsk and Tomsk) . . .

Synchrotron radiation is now used in virtually all fields of modern science where the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter is studied. The high brightness of sources of SR enables one to carry out spectroscopic investigations with an extremely high spectral resolution with shorter exposures than previously.

Use of the polarisation properties of SR makes it possible to investigate the spatial anisotropy of objects. Investigation of the absorption and fluorescence of gases and vapours produces information about the structure of the inner shells of atoms. Investigation of molecular spectra with the aid of SR enables one to obtain information about the processes of photoionisation and photodissociation in molecular systems . SR is being successfully applied in biology, in particular for X-ray fine-structure investigation of biopolymers, for X-ray microscopy, and for spectro-photometric measurements with time resolution .

Alongside the numerous applications of SR in scientific research there is a whole body of work that is of great practical importance, in particular in the field of X-ray microlithography . SR is also used for research into the effect of radiation on materials and instruments under vacuum conditions, which is very important for our knowledge of materials in space. Monochromatic SR [generated from]

X-rays is used in radiological diagnostics, which makes it possible substantially to reduce the amount of radiation to which a person is exposed when undergoing X-ray investigation. It may be possible to use SR in radiation technology and radiation-chemical processes. Recent years have seen work connected with the application of SR in science and technology move forward rapidly and new third-and fourth-generation sources of SR are being developed .

48

2.6

R3a: scientific style

This passage is distinguished by precision and by the careful, logical development of ideas. Words are used unambiguously and in an

impersonal way. There is no emotional content and such linguistic

features as modal particles, interjections and diminutives are therefore altogether lacking. Features characteristic of the formal scientific register include the following.

r

vocabulary

Specialised vocabulary, much of which is of Western origin. This

vocabulary is either in the form of calques (e.g. ускори´тeль (3),

рaзрeшe´ниe (16)), or in the form of loanwords: синхротро´нный (1),

элeктромaгни´тный (1), элeктро´н (2), позитро´н (2), цикли´чeский (3), спeктроскопи´чeский (15), экстрeмa´льно (16), спeктрa´льный (16),

поляризaцио´нный (17), aнизотропи´я (19), флюорeсцe´нция (20),

молeкуля´рный (21), фотоионизa´ция (23), фотодиссоциa´ция (23),

информa´ция (22), биополимe´р (25), рeнтгe´новский (26),

микролитогрa´фия (30), вa´куум (32), etc.

r Abundance of verbal nouns, especially with the suffix -ниe: излучe´ниe (1), исслe´довaниe (4), испо´льзовaниe (5), рaзрeшe´ниe (16),

поглощe´ниe (19), строe´ниe (20), измeрe´ниe (27), примeнe´ниe (28), знaчe´ниe (30), воздe´йствиe (32), обслe´довaниe (36).

r Abbreviations: ГэB (9), Cи (12, etc.).

r

phrasing

Set phrases and formulaic phrasing: в послe´днee врe´мя (3, 38); в

нaстоя´щee врe´мя (12); позволяéт проводи´ть (15); дaёт возмо´жность

(18); нeсёт информa´цию (20); позволяéт получи´ть (22); в чa´стности

(30); имe´ющих вa´жноe приклaдноé знaчe´ниe (29–30).