Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

7.15 Compliments…

7.16 Telephone conversations…

7.17 Letter writing…

8 Word-formation

8.1 Principles of word-formation

8.2 Types of consonant, spelling rules and consonant changes

8.2.1 Hard and soft consonants

8.2.2 Use of the hard sign

8.2.3 Devoicing of consonants

8.2.4 Spelling rules

8.2.5 Consonant changes

8.2.6 Epenthetic…

8.3 Verbal prefixes

8.4 Noun prefixes

8.5 Adjectival prefixes

8.6 The verbal infixes…

8.7 Noun suffixes

8.7.1 The principal noun suffixes

8.7.2 Noun suffixes denoting females

8.7.3 Miscellaneous noun suffixes

8.8 Diminutive, augmentative and expressive suffixes

8.8.1 Diminutive and hypocoristic suffixes

8.8.2 Double diminutive suffixes

8.8.3 The augmentative suffix…

8.8.4 Pejorative suffixes

8.9 The principal adjectival suffixes

8.10 Suffixes of participial origin

8.11 The verbal suffixes…and…

8.12 Composition

8.12.1 Compound nouns

8.12.2 Compound adjectives

9 Inflection

9.1 Declension of the noun

9.1.1 Gender

9.1.2 Basic declensional patterns of the noun

9.1.3 Mobile vowels

9.1.4 Genitive singular forms in…

9.1.5 Locative singular forms in…

9.1.6 Masculine nouns with nominative plural in…

9.1.7 Irregularities in the genitive plural of nouns

9.1.8 Irregularities in dative/instrumental/prepositional plural forms

9.1.9 Nouns which are irregular throughout the plural

9.1.10 Nouns with irregular declension throughout

9.1.11 Declension of surnames

9.1.12 Indeclinable nouns

9.2 Declension of pronouns

9.3 Adjectival forms

9.3.1 Declension of adjectives

9.3.2 Formation of short adjectives

9.3.3 Formation of short comparatives

9.4 Formation of adverbs

9.5 Declension of numerals

9.6 Verb forms

9.6.1 The system of conjugation

9.6.2 1A verbs

9.6.3 1B verbs with vowel stems and unstressed endings

9.6.4 1B verbs with stems in…and p and unstressed endings

9.6.5 1B verbs with vowel stems and stressed endings

9.6.6 1B verbs with consonant stems and unstressed endings

9.6.7 1B verbs with consonant stems and stressed endings

9.6.8 Second-conjugation verbs

9.6.9 Irregular verbs

9.6.10 Formation of the past tense

9.6.11 Formation of the imperative

9.7 Formation of gerunds and participles

9.7.1 Formation of imperfective gerunds

9.7.2 Formation of perfective gerunds

9.7.3 Formation of present active participles

9.7.4 Formation of past active participles

9.7.5 Formation of present passive participles

9.7.6 Formation of past passive participles

10 Prepositions

10.1 Valency of prepositions

10.1.1 Prepositions followed by apparent nominative forms

10.1.2 Prepositions governing the accusative

10.1.3 Prepositions governing the genitive

10.1.4 Prepositions governing the dative

10.1.5 Prepositions governing the instrumental

10.1.6 Prepositions governing the prepositional or locative

10.2 Prepositional phrases based on nouns

10.3 Verbs followed by prepositions

10.3.1 Verbs followed by prepositions governing the accusative

10.3.2 Verbs followed by prepositions governing the genitive

10.3.3 Verbs followed by prepositions governing the dative

10.3.4 Verbs followed by prepositions governing the instrumental

10.3.5 Verbs followed by prepositions governing the prepositional

10.4 Rendering of English prepositions in Russian

11 Syntax

11.1 Use of the cases

11.1.1 Use of the nominative

11.1.2 Use of the accusative

11.1.3 Use of case to denote animate direct object

11.1.4 Basic uses of the genitive

11.1.5 Verbs governing the genitive

11.1.6 Case of direct object after a negated verb

11.1.7 Basic uses of the dative

11.1.8 Verbs governing the dative

11.1.9 Basic uses of the instrumental

11.1.10 Verbs governing the instrumental

11.1.11 Use of the prepositional

11.2 Use of pronouns

11.2.1 Use of…as a relative pronoun

11.2.2 Use of…and…as interrogative pronouns

11.2.3 Use of negative pronouns…

11.2.4 Use of…etc.

11.2.5 Use of the particles…

11.2.6 Use of…

11.3 Use of short adjectives

11.4 Use of numerals

11.4.1 Use of…

11.4.2 Use of numerals higher than one in nominative/accusative

11.4.3 Use of numerals in oblique cases

11.4.4 Use of numerals with animate direct object

11.4.5 Use of collective numerals

11.4.6 Approximation

11.4.7 Agreement of predicate with a subject containing a cardinal numeral

11.4.8 Translation of years and people after numerals

11.4.9 Distributive expressions

11.4.10 Time

11.4.11 Dates

11.4.12 Distance

11.4.13 Nouns expressing number

11.5 Use of aspects

11.5.1 Basic distinction between the aspects

11.5.2 Effect of adverbial modifiers

11.5.3 Use of aspect in the indicative

11.5.4 Use of aspect in the infinitive

11.5.5 Use of aspect in negative constructions

11.5.6 Use of aspect in the imperative

11.6 Problems in choice of tense

11.7 Use of verbs of motion

11.8 Use of reflexive verbs

11.9 The conditional mood

11.10 The subjunctive mood

11.11 Use of gerunds and participles

11.11.1 Use of gerunds

11.11.2 Use of active participles

11.11.3 Use of present passive participles

11.11.4 Use of past passive participles

11.12 Conjunctions

11.12.1 Coordinating conjunctions

11.12.2 Subordinating conjunctions

11.12.3 Subordinating conjunctions used in R1 or R3

11.13 Syntactic features of colloquial speech

11.4 Word order

11.15 Punctuation

11.16 Use of capital letters

12 Stress

12.1 Introductory remarks

12.2 Stress in nouns

12.2.1 Masculine nouns

12.2.1.1 Masculine nouns with fixed stress

12.2.1.2 Masculine nouns with stress on the ending after the initial form

12.2.1.3 Masculine nouns with stem stress in the singular and stress on the ending in the plural

12.2.1.4 Masculine nouns with stress on the ending in gen/dat/instr/prep plural only

12.2.2 Feminine nouns

12.2.2.1 Feminine nouns with fixed stress

12.2.2.2 Feminine nouns with end stress in the singular and stress on preceding syllable in the plural

12.2.2.3 Stress in feminine nouns with pleophonic forms…

12.2.3 Neuter nouns

12.2.3.1 Neuter nouns with fixed stress

12.2.3.2 Disyllabic neuter nouns with end stress in the singular and stem stress in the plural

12.2.3.3 Disyllabic neuter nouns with stem stress in the singular and end stress in the plural

12.2.3.4 Trisyllabic neuter nouns with stress shift

12.2.3.5 Disyllabic neuter nouns in -МЯ

12.2.4 Irregular stress in certain prepositional singular forms

12.2.5 Prepositions that attract stress in certain phrases

12.3 Stress in adjectives

12.4 Stress in verbs

12.4.1 Stress in first-conjugation verbs

12.4.2 Stress in second-conjugation verbs

12.4.2.1 Stress on ending in infinitive and all indicative forms

12.4.2.2 Stress on stem in infinitive and all indicative forms

12.4.2.3 Stress shift from ending to stem after the first person singular

12.4.3 Stress in past-tense forms

12.4.4 Stress in gerunds and participles

12.4.4.1 Imperfective gerunds

12.4.4.2 Perfective gerunds

12.4.4.3 Present active participles

12.4.4.4 Past active participles

12.4.4.5 Present passive participles

12.4.4.6 Past passive participles

12.4.5 Miscellaneous points

12.5 Variation in stress