Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

approximation 185, 336, 340, 354, 372

283, 310, 332

area: see measurement

coordination: see conjunctions,

aspect:

coordinating

basic distinction between, 405–6

copula: see verb to be , translation of

effect of adverbial modifiers on, 406

could , translation of 155

in imperative, 410–11

countries, names of 216–23

in indicative, 406–8

currency 207

487

General index

dash: see punctuation

introductions, invitations, letter

dates, expression of 340, 368, 404

writing, reassurance, requests,

dative case:

telephone conversations, wishing

definition, xxv

fractions 207

expressing age, 386

fricatives xxv, 10, 21, 22

in impersonal expressions, 385–6

full stop: see punctuation

in indirect object, 384–5

prepositions governing, 343–5

gender 288–9, 304–5

verbs governing, 386–7

genitive case:

verbs governing through preposition,

after cardinal numerals, 381

352

after quantitative words, 380

with negative pronouns, 393

after short comparative adjectives, 381

decimals 207

definition, xxv

declension:

denoting animate object, 378–9

definition, xxv

denoting quantity, 380

see also adjectives, nouns, pronouns,

expressing absence, lack, 380

demotic speech: see register; see also

expressing possession, origin, etc., 380

morphology, stress, syntax,

expressing sufficiency, insufficiency,

vocabulary

380–1

denominal prepositions: see prepositions

in dates, 368, 381

devoicing of consonants xxv, xxxii, 254

in direct object of negated verb, 382–3

dialects:

of numeral with animate direct object,

classification, 21–2

400

definition, xxv

partitive, 291–2

morphological features, 23–4

prepositions governing, 337–42

regional pronunciation, 22–3

verbs governing, 381–2

regional vocabulary, 17, 23

verbs governing through preposition,

syntactic features, 24–5

351

dimensions 203-4, 334, 366

see also nouns,

diminutives; 11, 15, 17, 35, 52, 70; see

geographical names 216–23

also suffixes

gerunds:

distance: see measurement

definition, xxvi

distributive expressions 402–3

imperfective, formation, 328

double subjects 29

imperfective, use, 44, 47, 59, 62, 67,

211, 418

each , translation of: see distributive

perfective, formation, 328–9

expressions

perfective, use, 25, 62, 161, 418

ellipsis xxv, 12, 39, 47, 71, 187, 229, 235,

given names: see personal names

424

gratitude 244

email, language of 17, 18, 68–72

greeting 40, 239–40

emoticons 18, 39, 70

hard consonants 253

epenthetic л 255, 332

hard sign xxvi, 253

exchange 334

height: see measurement

exclamation mark: see punctuation

homographs xxvi, 81–2

exhortation 210–11

homonyms xxvi, 73–9

homophones xxvi, 22, 79–81

family relationships 209

hushing consonants 254, 255, 268, 272,

farewells 241

290, 291, 317–19, 322, 323, 328

faux amis xxv, 87–90

fillers 11, 29, 35, 177–8

iakane xxvi, 22

first names: see personal names

idioms xxvi, 11, 193–8

forms of address 11, 14, 39, 42, 45,

ikane xxvi, 21

229–30, 234, 235, 236–7, 326

imperative:

formulae, 15, 16, 49, 52, 57, 228–9;

definition, xxvi

see also attention, compliments,

formation, 326–8

condolence, congratulation,

in conditional sense, 183–4

farewells, gratitude, greetings,

in public notices, 210

488

General index

particles with, 183, 187

length 203–4

use of aspect in, 410–11

letter writing 250–51

imperfective:

linguistic groups 1

basic function, 405

literary language: see standard language

definition, xxvi

loanwords 163–6

denoting annulled action, 407

locative case:

expressing non-achievement, 408

definition, xxvii

expressing prohibition, 210, 409, 411

forms in -´y/-ю´, 292–3

in future tense, 407

see also prepositional case,

in past tense, 407

Lomonosov 9

in present tense, 406–7

in simple statement of fact, 407

may , translation of 156

indicating incomplete action, 160,

measurement:

406–7

area, 204

indicating repeated action, 407

distance, 203–4, 335, 356, 340, 346,

secondary imperfective forms, 265–6

361, 367, 373, 404–5

verbs requiring imperfective infinitive,

height, 203–4, 405

408–9

length, 203–4

when verb is negated, 409–10

pre-revolutionary units of, 205–6

see also aspect,

speed, 206

indeclinable nouns: see nouns

temperature, 206–7

indirect speech:

volume, 205

definition, xxvii

weight, 204–5

see also tense, in reported speech,

see also , 203–7, 334, 336

infixes xxvii, 260, 265–6

meeting 240

-ing , translation of English forms in 160–2

might , translation of 156

instrumental:

mobile vowels xxviii, 271–91

definition, xxvii

modal particles, xxviii, 11, 12, 17,

expressing agency, instrument, 388

40, 42, 52, 70, 179–87; see also

fem forms in -ою, 65, 291

particles

in adverbial phrases of manner, 388

modal verbs (English) xxviii, 154–9

in complement of certain verbs, 391

morphology:

in complement of verb to be , 390

colloquial, 11–2, 285, 327–8

in expressions of time, 388

definition, xxviii

in impersonal constructions, 388

demotic, 14, 285, 327–8

indicating supply or endowment,

regional, 23–4

388

see also adjectives, gerunds, nouns,

prepositions governing, 345–6

participles, pronouns, verbs,

verbs governing, 388–91

Muscovite speech 20–1

verbs governing through preposition,

must , translation of 156–7

352–3

interjections xxvii, 11, 12, 17, 40, 52, 71,

names: see personal names

188–90

nationalities, names of 216–23

internet, language of, 17–18, 22, 30,

negative antecedent 418

36–40; see also chatroom,

neologisms xxviii, 16, 27, 30, 163–6

computing terminology

Netspeak: see internet

intransitive verbs xxvii, 159–60, 263, 330,

nominative case:

331

definition, xxviii

introductions 237–9

in complement, 377, 390–1

inversion:

in subject, 377

in approximation, 401

prepositions governing, 333

of subject and verb, 426–7

non-equivalence 93–6

invitations 247

nouns:

basic declension patterns, 289–91

jargon 17, 29, 40

compound, 286–7

jokes 225–7

expressing number, 405

journalism, language of: see register

in apposition, 29

489

General index

indeclinable, 304–5

past active participles:

with genitive singular in -y/-ю, 291–2

formation, 329–30

with irregular forms in oblique cases in

use, 44, 47, 52, 62, 67, 419

plural, 299

past passive participles:

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