Andrew Radford - Linguistics An Introduction [Second Edition]

taxonomy 172–3, 181, 194–5, 217–18

377, 408

-t/-d deletion 54–6

principles of 8, 280, 318, 325, 349, 354, 358,

Tehran 49

359, 361

telegraphic speech in Broca’s aphasia 214,

universals in sociolinguistics 16

217, 381

utterances (v. sentences v. propositions) 388–9

tense 259

uvulars 35

as constituent of clauses 259–60

as deictic 389

Valian, V. 353

empty 271–6, 284

variables in information structure 390–1

finite (v. non-finite) 259, 261, 265–6

variables in LF 338–9, 340, 341

marking in Child English 357–8

variables in sociolinguistics 15

Index

433

variation

vowels 29, 36–41

age and 235–6

continuous perception of 110–11

interactional determination of 54

in language change 64–7

lexical 409

mergers 65–6

linguistic determination of 54–6

quality in 37

morphological 233–7

quantity in 37

parametric 314–24

splits 65

phonological 409

V-to-T movement in EME 316–17, 320, 352

social contact and 237

stable 234–5

Wellington 49

stylistic 53–4

Wernicke, C. 13

syntactic 246, 311–20

Wernicke’s aphasia 214–15, 217–19,

velars 31

377, 382–3

velum 30

Wernicke’s area 13

verb phrase (VP) 257–8, 264

Wexler, K. 357

in Child English 350

wh-in-situ questions 297

verbs 129–30

wh-movement 298

base form of 135, 252–3, 266–7

wh-operator 297

and derivational morphology 144

Wilson, D. 398, 402

-d form of 136, 146, 252

Wisbech 70

infinitive form 253

word-association experiments 209

inflectional categories of 136

word-based inflection 159–60, 216

-ing form of 136, 146–7, 252, 266–7

word exchanges 207, 208

intransitive 137

in paragrammatism 382

in language acquisition 187

word-finding difficulties in paragrammatism 383

morphological properties in English 135–7

word form 143–4, 146, 159

-n form of 136, 146, 252, 266–7, 305

word formation 131

-s form of 135, 252

word/non-word decision tasks 202–3

in taxonomies 173

word order

tense and 136

acquisition of 350–1

transitive 137

differences 311–19, 321–4

Vietnamese 156

errors in SLI 383–5

vocal cords (vocal folds) 28

words 127–8

vocal tract 28, 30

in aphasia 128, 214–19

voice box (see larynx)

in language acquisition 128

voiced as phonological feature 85, 413

word stress 42

Voice Onset Time (VOT) 112–13

writing systems 117, 119

voicing 34

written languages 25

change as morphological process 164

in child language 99

Yawelmani 81

in language change 61–2

Yes-no questions 302–3

and speech perception 112

in German 325

vowel change as morphological process 163–4

in EME 316

vowel length 77

yod-dropping 63

vowel reduction 84–5

Yoruba 40, 42

Document Outline

Cover

Half-title

Title

Copyright

Contents

Illustrations

Figures

Map

Tables

Preface to the second edition

A note for course organisers and class teachers

Introduction

Linguistics

Developmental linguistics

Psycholinguistics

Neurolinguistics

Sociolinguistics

Exercises

Further reading and references

PART 1 Sounds

1 Introduction

2 Sounds and suprasegmentals

Consonants

Vowels

Suprasegmentals

Exercises

Model answer for (1a)

Model Answer for (4a)

British version

American version

3 Sound variation

Linguistic variables and sociological variables

Stylistic variation

Linguistically determined variation

Variation and language change

Exercises

4 Sound change

Consonant change

Vowel change

The transition problem: regular sound change versus lexical diffusion

Suprasegmental change

Exercises

5 Phonemes, syllables and phonological processes

Phonemes

Syllables

Syllabification and the Maximal Onset Principle

Phonological processes

Phonological features

Features and processes

Constraints in phonology

Exercises

Model answer for (6a)

6 Child phonology

Early achievements

Phonological processes in acquisition

Perception, production and a dual-lexicon model

Exercises

7 Processing sounds

Speech perception

Speech production

Other aspects of phonological processing

Exercises

Further reading and references

PART II Words

8 Introduction

9 Word classes

Lexical categories

Functional categories

The morphological properties of English verbs

Exercises

Model answer for monesticant

10 Building words

Morphemes

Morphological processes – derivation and inflection

Compounds

Clitics

Allomorphy

Exercises

Model answer for absorbent

11 Morphology across languages

The agglutinative ideal

Types of morphological operations

Exercises

Model answer

12 Word meaning

Entailment and hyponymy

Meaning opposites

Semantic features

Dictionaries and prototypes

Exercises

Model Answer for (1a)

13 Children and words

Early words – a few facts

Apprentices in morphology

The semantic significance of early words

Exercises

14 Lexical processing and the mental lexicon

Serial-autonomous versus parallel-interactive processing models

On the representation of words in the mental lexicon

Exercises

15 Lexical disorders

Words and morphemes in aphasia

Agrammatism

Paraphasias

Dissociations in SLI subjects’ inflectional systems

Exercises

16 Lexical variation and change

Borrowing words

Register: words for brain surgeons and soccer players, hairdressers and lifesavers

Biscuit or cookie? Variation and change in word choice

Same word – new meaning

Variation and change in morphology

Exercises

Further reading and references

PART III Sentences

17 Introduction

18 Basic terminology

Categories and functions

Complex sentences

The functions of clauses

Exercises

Model answer for (1a)

Model answer for (2a)

19 Sentence structure

Merger

Tests for constituency

Agreement, case assignment and selection

Exercises

Hints

Model answer for (1a)

Model answer for (2a)

20 Empty categories

Empty T constituent

PRO: the empty subject of infinitive clauses

Covert complements

Empty complementisers

Empty determiners

Exercises

Model answer for (1a)

Hints

Model answer for (2a)

21 Movement

Head movement

Operator movement

Yes–no questions

Other types of movement

Exercises

Hints

Model answer for (1a)

Hints

Model answer for (2a)

22 Syntactic variation

Inversion in varieties of English

Syntactic parameters of variation

The Null Subject Parameter

Parametric differences between English and German

Exercises

Model answer for (1a)

Hints

Model answer for (2a)

Hints

Model answer for (3a)

23 Sentence meanings and Logical Form

Preliminaries

Thematic roles

A philosophical diversion

Covert movement and Logical Form

Exercises

24 Children’s sentences

Setting parameters: an example