Andrew Radford - Linguistics An Introduction [Second Edition]

question operator 302–3, 324

polysemy 232

questions

polysyllabic words 41, 81

in Child English 352, 353–4

polysynthetic languages 160–1

in CSE 316

possessives

in EME 316

in AAVE 237

formation of 133

poverty of the stimulus argument 8

in German 323–4

pragmatics 245, 246, 388–400

interpretation as 300–2

predicate 247

wh-in-situ 297

prefix 106, 140

yes-no 302–3, 323–4

prepositional phrase (PP) 262, 263, 315, 331

in Child English 350

ranking of constraints 90–1

prepositions 131, 144, 334

rapidity of first language acquisition 6

in language acquisition 187

‘r’-colouring 39

present participle 136

reactivation of copies 370

presupposition 392–4

realisation of morphological processes 152

and information structure 391, 394

Received Pronunciation (RP) 36, 69

logical 393

recency effects in psycholinguistics 369

pragmatic 393–4

recipient 379

prevocalic voicing 99

recursion

primed context in lexical decision tasks 203

in compounds 148

priming experiments 202

in sentence structure 260

Principle of Compositionality 330–2, 337, 338

redundancy in feature specifications 85, 87

Principles and Parameters Theory (PPT) 325, 345, reduplication 163

349–50, 354

reflexives 277–8

Index

431

register 226

social nature of language 1

regularity of sound change 67–8

social network links 51, 237

Relation, Maxim of 396, 398

sociolinguistics 14–16

Relevance Theory 398–400, 402, 409

sociological variables 47–52

resonance 28

soft palate (see velum)

retroflex 33, 35

sonorant as phonological feature 412

rhetoric 395

sonorants 34, 79

rhyme (rime) 79

sonority 80

in poetry 118

sonority principle 80–1

Rips, L. 210

sound change 56–8, 61–72

Rizzi, L. 280, 352–3

sound source 28

Roberts, I. 302

Source 334

Romance 151

South African English 68

root 140, 145

Spanish 83, 151, 160, 389

Rosch, E. 196

species-specificity of the language faculty 8–9

rounded as phonological feature 413

Specific Language Impairment (SLI) 13–14, 213, rounding 36, 39–40

219–21, 377, 383–5, 408

rule deficit hypothesis in SLI 219–20

dissociations in 219–20

Russell, B. 338

therapy for 383, 384, 385

Russian 38, 160, 214, 215, 224, 381

word order and 383–5

specifier 262, 281, 297, 299, 300, 315, 322, 323

Sacks, H. 398

specifier–head agreement 265, 353

Sag, I. 246

speech acts 38

Samoan 161

indirect 394–5

scan-copier model of speech production 116–17

speech perception 109–13

schwa vowel 36, 83

speech production 109, 113–17, 207–9

segments 41, 75

mechanisms of 28–41

in speech errors 114, 118–19

Sperber, D. 398, 402

in writing systems 118–19

spirantisation 62–3

selection 264, 266–8, 345

spoonerisms 114–15

selectional properties of auxiliaries 267

spreading 101

selective impairment of brain function 11, 216

stable sociolinguistic variables 16

Sells, P. 311

stable variation 234–5

semantic broadening 230

standard languages 15

semantic change 228–33

stem 145, 147

semantic component of a grammar 345, 407

stem-based inflection 160, 215, 216

semantic comprehension 200, 408

stopping in child phonology 99

semantic narrowing 231

stops 86

semantic similarity

stories 245

rating of 210

Stray Deletion (Stray Erasure) 105

in Wernicke’s aphasia 218–19

stress 5, 41–2

semantics in acquisition 192–6

in language change 70–1

sentence comprehension 366–74

and phonological alternations 83

sentence–picture matching task 379–80

phrasal 42

sentence processing

secondary 42

strategies of 370–4

word 42

sentences (v. utterances v. propositions) 389

in word recognition 200

Senufo 81

strident as phonological feature 412

Separation Hypothesis 153, 156, 165

structural ambiguity

Serbo-Croatian 43

in compounds 149

serial-autonomous processing models 199–204

in sentence processing 370–3

Shakespearian English (see Early Modern English)

in sentences 331–2

short-term memory 366, 369, 373–4

structural continuity in language acquisition 354,

short vowels 36–7

357, 361

Sign Languages 25

structural learning

social class and language use 48

as parameter setting 349

social contact and morphological variation 237

stylistic variation 53–4

432

Index

subject 130, 137, 247–9, 262

tense phrase (TP) 259–60, 261–2, 264

empty (see pro and PRO)

incomplete (T’) 262, 264

in passives 305–6

tense vowels 38, 77

subject-centred languages 392

texts 245

subordinate level of categorisation 194–6

thematic (θ-) roles 333–5

in Wernicke’s aphasia 217–18

Theme 334, 379

substitutions in speech errors 115, 207, 208

third person singular present morpheme

suffix 140

in acquisition 189–90

Suffolk 228

allomorphy in 220

suggestions 394

in SLI 220

Sumerian cuneiform 119

tone 42–3

superordinate 172, 208

tone languages 43

superordinate level of categorisation 194–6

Tongan 161

in Wernicke’s aphasia 217–18

tongue twisters 114

suppletion

topic (v. comment) 249, 281, 322, 389–92

partial 152

topicalisation 306

total 152

topic-centred languages 392

suprasegmental change 70–2

topic–comment articulation 391

suprasegmental level 41

trace of movement (see copy)

suprasegmentals 41–4

transition problem in historical linguistics 61,

surface representation (surface form) 84–5, 86–90

67–70

in child phonology 102, 106

transition relevant places 401

Swahili 160

Travis, L. 318

syllabification 81–2

tree structures in sentence comprehension 366

syllables 41, 78–82

Trudgill, P. 49, 235

in child phonology 99

truncation 352–3, 361

in poetry 118

truth conditions 336–9, 344, 388

in speech errors 115, 116–17

T Strength Parameter 317, 349

in writing systems 119

T-to-C movement 295, 313, 316

syllable templates in child phonology 104–5

in AAVE 312

synchronic method in historical linguistics (see also

in German 322–3

apparent-time method) 16

Turkish 99–100, 156–7, 157–8, 224, 391

syncretism 159

turn-taking in conversation 400–2

synonymy 174–5, 209

syntactic component of a grammar 4, 407

umlaut 164

syntactic disorders 377

underlying representations 83–5, 86–90

and language comprehension 377

in child phonology 101, 102, 106, 140

and language production 377

underspecification

syntactic illusions 374

of functional categories in agrammatism

syntactic parameters 314–24

380–2

syntactic variation 311–20, 409

of functional categories in Child

English 361

tableaux in Optimality Theory 91

of phonological features 87

Tagalog 162–3

uniformity in first language acquisition 6

tag questions 273–4

Uniformity Principle 280–1

tap 34

Universal Grammar (UG) 6, 87, 90, 232, 287, 311,