Andrew Radford - Linguistics An Introduction [Second Edition]

glottal plosive (glottal stop) 34

flouting of conversational maxims 397, 399

Goal 334

focus 282, 389–92

Gordon, P. 192

position 282

grammar of a language 2–6, 81, 83, 120, 238, 306,

focus bar 88

345, 350, 407

Fodor, J. 201

grammatical categories 247

form (v. lemma)

in acquisition 186–8

in lexical entries 128, 205–7

in sentence comprehension 200

free morphemes 140

grammatical functions 247–50, 262

Frege, G. 338, 339, 344

grammatical (morphosyntactic) word 146, 159

French 90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230

Greek 160, 225

frequency effect

Greek alphabet 119

in paraphasias 217, 218

Grice, P. 396–7, 398, 402

in substitution errors 208

Grimshaw, J. 302

fricatives 29, 31–3

Grodzinsky, Y. 380–2

Frisian 231

gutturals 78

Fromkin, V. 207

front vowels 36, 109–10

Halliday, M. 97

functional categories 132–5, 247, 385

hard palate 31

in aphasia 214–17, 378–82

harmony

comprehension of in agrammatism 378–80

consonant 99

in language acquisition 187–8

lateral 101–4

and pragmatic presupposition 393

velar 99, 101

production of in agrammatism 378

vowel 99–100

in SLI 219–21

Hawaiian 81

function words 132

head

of compounds 148

gapping 272

of phrases 257–61

garden-path sentences 10, 370, 374, 408

head-driven phrase structure grammar 246

gender

head first word order 321, 350

errors in agrammatism 380, 381–2

head last word order 321

errors in SLI 385

head movement 293–6, 298, 306

in Old English 233

Head Movement Constraint (HMC) 318, 324

gender and language use 49, 234

Head Position Parameter 321, 349, 350–1, 361

generative grammar 4, 245

Head Strength Parameter 314

generative phonology 97–8

Hebrew 215, 380, 381

generic interpretation

Henry, A. 300

of determiners 284

high as phonological feature 413

genetic endowment and language 7, 13–14,

high vowels 36, 109–10

188, 311

historical linguistics 15–16

and language disorders 213

Hoekstra, T. 373

genitive case 248, 265, 267, 356, 360–1

Holmes, J. 49

and possessors in Child English 359–61

host for clitic 151

Georgian alphabet 119

Hungarian 38, 99, 156, 224, 267, 360

German 81, 162, 164, 206, 231, 321–4

Hyams, N. 351–2, 359–61

clause structure in 321–4

hyponyms 172

movement in 322–3

in Wernicke’s aphasia 218

operator questions in 323–4

hyponymy 170–3, 177, 178, 194

SLI in 383–5

strong C in finite clauses in 323

Icelandic 230

strong T in finite clauses in 323

idealisation 409

yes-no questions in 324

identification experiment 110–11, 112

Index

427

identification of null subject 320, 352

Iroquoian 161

identity of meaning (see synonymy)

isolating languages 156, 157

imaging techniques 13

Italian 214, 224, 230, 380

imperative 254, 394–5

aphasic speech in 215, 380, 381–2

implicational scale 55–6

implicit (understood) subject 277, 351

Jamaican Vernacular English (JVE) 313–14

incomplete phrase 261–2

weak C in 314

incorporation 160–1

Japanese 38, 78, 81, 160

independence of language faculty 11, 377

topic marking in 391–2

indirect speech acts 394–5

Jones, D. 27

inferences in conversation 400

infinite nature of language 3–4, 260

labelled bracketing 141, 258

infinitive 134

labelled tree diagram 141–2, 258

infinitive particle 259–60

labials 34

as non-finite T 259

labiodentals 31

infinitive phrase 259

Labov, W. 16, 56, 57–8, 66–7, 68, 70

infix 163

language contact 227

INFL as grammatical category 261

language change 15–16, 56–8, 61–72

inflection 143

language disorders 11–14, 408

in English 137

Language Faculty 7–9, 280, 349–50

in grammar 136

language games 117

inflectional categories 136

language shift 15

as deictic 389

language use

inflectional errors

and the structure of society 14–16

in agrammatism 378

language variation 15

in SLI 219–21, 385

laryngeal fricative (see glottal fricative)

inflectional formative 145

larynx 28

inflectional languages 156, 158–9, 160

Lashley, K. 116–17

inflectional morphology 143, 144–8

lateral as phonological feature 413

in compounds 150

lateral harmony 101–4

in language acquisition 187, 188–92

laterals 33

inflectional paradigms in aphasia 216

in child phonology 100–4

inflectional properties 137

Latin 157–60, 165, 224, 225, 391

inflectional rules (see morphological processes)

Latin alphabet 119

inflectional systems 156

lax vowels 38, 77

informational encapsulation 201

lemma 205–7

‘information’ in categories 195–6

retrieval of 207–9

information structure 390–1

lesions of the brain 11

innateness hypothesis 7, 11, 213, 349–50, 361, 408

levels of linguistic analysis 76–7, 78, 106, 120

input representations in child phonology 103–6

Levelt, P. 205

Instrument 333

level tones 43

interaction and variation 54

lexeme 143–4, 145, 146, 205

interdentals 31

lexical attrition 228

interrogative 253–4, 394–5

lexical categories 129–32, 247

interrogative complement 299–300, 303

lexical diffusion 68–70

interrogative interpretation 300–2, 341

lexical entry 4, 78, 128, 129, 131, 138, 147–8, interrogative operator 302–3

152, 170, 176–8, 191–2, 219–20, 238, 287, intonation 43–4

335, 407

intonational change 71–2

v. concept 205, 225

Inuit 119

lexical functional grammar 245

inversion

lexical gap 174

in questions 294–6, 300, 316, 322

lexical learning 349

in varieties of English 311–14

lexical recognition 201–3, 207–9

IPA (International Phonetic Association)

lexical stress (see word stress)

27–44, 411

lexical substitutions in speech errors 207

Irish Gaelic 225

lexical tone 43

irony 397

lexical verbs 133

428

Index

lexicon 4, 128, 131, 137–8, 147–8, 170–6, 199,

monophthongs 38

203, 217–18, 238, 345, 354, 407

monosyllabic words 41

grammatical properties in 4, 147

mood and speech acts 394–5

phonological properties in 4, 147

morphemes 140–3

psycholinguistics and 204–10

in aphasia 214–17

semantic properties in 4, 147

bound 140

LF component of a grammar 5, 407

free 140

Linear B 119

as minimal linguistic sign 140, 145

linguistically determined variation 54–6

morphological change 233–7

linguistic experience of the child 7–8

morphological development in children 188–92

linguistic variables and language use 47–58

morphological irregularity 137

Linking Rules 335

morphological operations 162–5

liquids 33

morphological processes 140–50, 157–65, 407

Literary Welsh 164–5

dissociation of in SLI 219–20

litotes 397

as features 153

Liverpool 63

phonological conditioning of 152, 220

local attachment preferences 372–3

realisations of 152

localisation of brain function 11–13

voicing as 164