Andrew Radford - Linguistics An Introduction [Second Edition]

Belfast 51

central vowels 36

Belfast English 300

centre-embedding 370, 373–4

Bell, A. 53

cerebral cortex 11

Bengali 71–2, 87

cerebral hemispheres 11, 214

Berko, J. 189

chain shift 66–7

bidialectalism 409

Chambers, J. 227

bilabials 30

child grammar 349–61

bilingualism 409

child phonology 96–106

binarity

Cherokee 119

of parametric values 314, 317, 320, 321, 325, Chicago 66

349, 351

Chinese 43, 119, 156, 224

of phonological features 85

Chomsky, N. 1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314,

blends 207–8, 209

325, 377, 407

in paragrammatism 382

Chukchee 160–1

Bloom, L. 355

circumfix (see confix)

body of tongue (see dorsum)

citation form 134

424

Index

clauses 247

complex sentence 250–3

bare infinitive 275–6

compounds 148–50, 379, 408

complement 250–2, 275, 276

in language acquisition 191–2

as CPs 279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361

structural ambiguity in 149

declarative 279, 280

synthetic 162

finite in German SLI 385

comprehension of language (see sentence

finite verb in 251, 265–6

comprehension, speech perception)

force of 279

concatenative morphology 163

function of 253

concept (v. lexical entry) 205–6, 209,

in German 321–4

225, 233

infinitive 275, 276–8

confix 162

interrogative 279

conjugation 159

main 250, 280–1

consonants 28–35

non-finite verb in 251, 281–2

categorical perception of 113

v. phrases 261–2

syllabic 41

relative 253, 367

three-term description of 34, 61

in sentence perception 367, 368

in writing systems 119

tensed (v. untensed) 251

consonant change 61–4

as TPs 273, 274, 275–6, 278

consonant cluster 41

click studies 367–8

deletion in 54–6

cliticisation 274–6

simplification in child language 98

and copies 296, 298–9

consonant harmony 99

clitics 150–1

consonant insertion 64

in Spanish 151

consonant loss 63

cluster (see consonant cluster)

consonant mutation 164–5

codas of syllables 79–82

consonantal as phonological feature 412

in child language 104–5

constituency tests 263–4

cognitive effects of utterances 399

constituents 249, 263–4

cognitive synonymy 174–5

covert (see empty constituents)

cognitive system

in sentence comprehension 366

language as 1–14, 409

constraints

coherence in discourse 397

in phonology 90–1

co-hyponyms 172, 209

in syntax 263, 312–13, 318

in Wernicke’s aphasia 218

Contemporary Standard English (CSE) 311

co-indexing 341

questions in 311, 313, 316

Comanche 225

strong C in 314

co-meronyms 174, 208

weak T in 317, 319

comment (v. topic) 249, 281

content words 132

Communicative Principle of Relevance 399–400

in aphasias 214–15

communities of practice 52

continuous perception of vowels 110–11

commutation test 390

contour tone 43

competence (v. performance) 2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367, contrastive sounds 77

370, 375, 388, 408, 409

control 276

complement 130, 247–9, 262

clause 277, 282–3

covert 278

verbs 277

interrogative expressions as 297

conversation 245, 388

complementaries 176

logic of 395–7

complementarity 176, 177–8

Conversational Analysis (CA) 246,

complementary distribution 76

401–2

complement clause 250–2

conversational implicature 397

in German 322

conversational maxims 396–7, 399, 409

complement clause question 299–300

conversational particles 400

complement clause yes-no question 303

conversion 143

complementiser 135

Co-operative Principle 396

declarative 279

co-ordinating conjunction 134

empty 278–83, 284, 299

co-ordination test 263–4, 279–80, interrogative 279

283, 333

Index

425

copy (trace) of movement 295, 298–9, 340

diphthongs 38–9

in Child English 295

discourse markers 15

in sentence perception 368–70

discourses 245

as variable 341

discrimination experiment 111

co-referential interpretation of pronouns 342, 343

distinctive features 85, 412, 414

coronal 34

in child phonology 101

count noun 285

distribution 76

Coupland, N. 53

dorsals 34

covert movement 339, 343–5

dorsum 31

covert question operator 302–3, 324

Do-support 274

Crossover Principle 343–4

D-projections 287, 349

C Strength Parameter 314

drag chain 67

cumulation 158

dual-lexicon model of child phonology 104–5

Cutler, A. 207

Dutch 231

Czech 81

Early Modern English (EME)

data of linguistics 1–2, 117, 170

negation in 314–20

declarative 253–4, 394–5

null subjects in 319–20, 351, 352

declension 158–9, 160

questions in 316

default cases in phonology 90

strong T in 317

definitions 179–81, 193

East Anglian English 63, 64–5

deictic words 389, 398

echo question 297, 299

delinking in child phonology 103

Eckert, P. 51–2

demonstratives 133

Economy Principle 301–2, 314, 318–19, 324

dentals 31, 109

‘edge’ as target of movement 306

derivational morphology 131, 143, 144

education level and language use 49

in compounds 150

Egyptian cuneiform 119

in language acquisition 190–2

Eimas, P. 96

Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC) 367

elision 4

derivations

ellipsis 278, 371

in phonology 85

Elsewhere Condition 89–90

in syntax 306

empty constituents 246, 271–86, 407, 408

despecification in child phonology 103

in psycholinguistics 271

determiner phrase (DP) 262, 283–7

in sentence perception 368–70

in Child English 286

enclitic 151

determiners (see also articles) 133, 297

entailment 170–1, 392–3

empty 283–7

environment (context) in phonological rules 87

null in Child English 358

errors in speech 114–17, 199, 207–9

as operators 297

Estonian 38

prenominal 286–7

ethnic group and language use 49–50

pronominal 286–7

exchanges in speech errors (see also word

quantifying 284–5, 303

exchanges) 11 4 –16, 11 7

in SLI 219

exclamative 254

Detroit 52, 66

exponent 145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261

developmental linguistics 1, 6–9

extended exponence 159

DhoLuo 164

extraction site 298

diachronic method in historical linguistics 15–16

diacritic 35

Farsi (Persian) 49

dialect contact 227

Fasold, R. 272

dialects

feature matrix 86

regional 14

features

rhotic 77

distinctive in phonology 86–90, 177

rural 228

functional in agrammatism 380–2

social 14

morphological 153, 163

urban 228

semantic 176–9

dictionaries 179–81

semantic in acquisition 193

diphthongisation in language change 64

filler-gap dependencies 369–70

426

Index

finite (v. non-finite) verb forms 251–3

Germanic 164, 224, 231

finiteness in language acquisition 359–61

glides 33

Finnish 99, 156

global aphasia 11

flap 34

glottal fricative 33, 47

flapping 61

glottalisation 82

floating features 101–4, 106