Bruce Bagemihl - Biological Exuberance

by trios/quartets

see also Breeding by homosexual/bisexual animals; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Nest-building; Sources of offspring; Supernormal clutches

Parthenogenesis

Partner refusal, indifference (heterosexual)

primates

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

see also Nonconsensual sexual activity; Violence

Partner refusal, indifference (homosexual)

mammals

birds: waterfowl shore perching

see also Nonconsensual sexual activity

Partnerships (homosexual)

consortships, preferred partners, sexual friendships primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

mated pairs mammals birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Parenting; Trios, quartets

Pederasty, pedophilia see Intergenerational interactions

Penetration, cloacal contact (homosexual)

between females mammals birds

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Pile-up mounts (homosexual, bisexual) mammals birds

Pirsig, Robert

Play-fighting, erotic combat (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Pleasure, sexual see Sexual arousal

Polyandry, polygynandry (heterosexual)

Polygamy (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Lek mating system; Polyandry; Polygyny; Promiscuous mating system; Trios, quartets

Polygyny (heterosexual)

Post-Darwinian evolution

Postreproductive individuals mammals birds

Preening see Grooming

Preference (homosexual)

competing for same-sex partners mammals birds

higher individual proportions of same-sex activity mammals birds

ignoring opposite-sex partners mammals birds

repeated same-sex pairing or mate-switching mammals birds

reuniting after separation from same-sex partner mammals birds

see also Exclusive homosexuality

Preferred partners (homosexual) see Partnerships

Pregnancy, birth, incubation, heterosexual activity during

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Pregnancy, homosexual activity during

Promiscuous copulations see Nonmonogamous pair-bonds

Promiscuous mating system (heterosexual)

mammals: primates hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Lek mating system; Polygamy

Protocultural behavior see Cultural behavior

Pseudomale, pseudofemale behaviors see Explanations—pseudoheterosexuality; Transvestism—contrasted with homosexuality

Quartets see Parenting; Sources of offspring; Trios, quartets

Rape see Nonconsensual sexual activity

Reciprocal mounting (heterosexual) see Reverse mounting

Reciprocal mounting (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore other

Refusal of heterosexual copulations see Nonconsensual sexual activity; Partner refusal, indifference; Preference (homosexual)—ignoring opposite-sex partners

Reproductive suppression, delay (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Nonbreeders

Reverse mounting (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

Rich, Adrienne

Ritualized and/or greetings interactions (homosexual ) mammals birds

Robertson, Doyle

Rollinat, R.

Rump-rubbing see Anal stimulation

Saunders, Peter

Savage-Rumbaugh, Susan

Schevill, W. E.

Schlesier, Karl

Selous, Edward

Sequential hermaphroditism see Transsexuality

Sex-change see Transsexuality

Sexism in biology

Sex ratios, skewed see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Sex segregation

migratory mammals birds

social/spatial primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals perching birds other birds

temporal/seasonal mammals birds

see also Delayed implantation; Sexual cycles, male; Sperm storage

Sexual arousal—erection, thrusting, etc. (homosexual)

primates: apes langurs, etc. macaques other

marine mammals

hoofed mammals

other mammals

birds

see also Orgasm; Penetration

Sexual behaviors (homosexual) see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Duration of homosexual interactions; Manual stimulation; Mounting; Oral stimulation; Orgasm; Penetration; Ritualized and/or greetings interactions; Sexual arousal

Sexual cycles, male primates marine mammals hoofed mammals other mammals birds

Sexual friendships see Partnerships

Sexually transmitted diseases

Sexual orientation see Bisexuality; Exclusive homosexuality; Preference (homosexual)

Sexual plasticity see Behavioral/ sexual plasticity

Sexual pleasure

Sexual arousal

Siberian/Arctic peoples see Indigenous cultures

Siblicide

Sikes, S. K.

Single parenting in pair-bonding species (heterosexual) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

Situational homosexuality see Bisexuality latent or situational; Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Skewed sex ratios see Explanations—shortage of opposite sex

Smuts, Barbara

Social, spatial responses (toward or by homosexual/transgendered animals)

interference, hostility toward mammals birds

nonchalance, curiosity toward

offensive attacks by mammals birds

partner defense by mammals birds

rank/status of

segregation/separation by

territory defense by mammals birds

see also Preference—competing for same-sex partners; Transgendered animals—greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Sørum, Arve

Soulé, Michael E.

Sources of offspring (homosexual parenting)

adoption (coparenting by nonbreeders)

coparenting by breeder and nonbreeder

egg/nest-stealing

foster-parenting in captivity

joint parenting by breeders

mating within bisexual trios/ quartets

nonmonogamous mating

parasitism (egg “donation” by other birds)

Sperm competition theory

Sperm storage

Standing Bear, Luther

Stephenson, Robert

Step-parenting see Adoption

Steward, Daniel-Harry

Stress of breeding see Mortality, stress in breeders

Supernormal clutches waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

see also Parenting

Supra-annual breeding cycles see Breeding rare, incomplete, non-yearly

Taboos see Cultural behavior; Incest (homosexual)

Tafoya, Terry

Tennent, W.J.

Terminology for homosexuality/ transgender

use of gay, lesbian

use of homosexual

use of other terms

see also Homophobia—use of biased/derogatory terms

Thrusting, pelvic see Sexual arousal

Tools, sexual use of see Cultural behavior

Transgender see Intersexuality; Transsexuality; Transvestism;

Transgendered animals

breeding or mating by mammals birds

greater reproductive/heterosexual activity by

Transsexuality

Transvestism

contrasted with homosexuality

female-to-male mammals birds

male-to-female mammals birds

Trios, quartets (heterosexual; in pair-bonding species)

mammals

waterfowl