Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

Horses, as hosts for T. cruzi , 195

Hosts, and animal reservoirs for T. cruzi, 194-95

House Improvement Committees (HICs), 116-17

Housing:

baseline studies of Chagas’ disease in Chuquisaca, 226-27;

cooperatives in Bolivia and, 152;

cultural and political economy of Bolivia and physical proximity of vectors and hosts of Chagas’ disease, 88-106;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention and, 138, 140;

Inca and T. infestans , 26;

prevention programs for Chagas’ disease and, 107-23, 124-33;

statistics on infestation of with T. infestans in Bolivia and Latin America, 179-83, 184-85

Howard, J. E., 230 n.6

Huaca (earth shrine), 157

Huarochiri legends, 156-57

Humoral theory:

chagasic esophagus and T. cruzi infection in Bolivia, 76;

ethnomedicine in Latin America and, 68, 72;

Kallawaya herbalists and explanation of Chagas’ disease, 35, 38-39

Hydraulics, physiological. See Humoral theory

Hypertrophy, of colon, 72

Hypoxia, 80, 82, 83, 204

Ileostomy, 74, 75

Ilex guayusa, 37

Illness: biomedical definition of, 40

Immune system, and Chagas’ disease:

acute phase and, 200-201;

children in Bolivia and, 48;

epidemiology and, 87;

heart disease and, 85, 86;

immune response to T. cruzi infection, 205-16;

progression of, 6

Immunization, against T. cruzi, 166-72

Immunoglobulins:

detection of acute phase of Chagas’ disease, 201-202;

immune response to T. cruzi infection and, 208, 209

Immunopathic medicine, and paradigm of health, 87

Immunosuppression: immunization for T. cruzi and, 171

Inca:

archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies, 24, 27;

expansion and spread of Chagas’ disease, 24-26;

housing and settlement, 26;

Spanish conquest, 26-28

Indirect haemagglutination test (IHA), 219

Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), 211, 219

Indirect tests, for diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 217-19

Indole alkaloids, 44

Infants:

Chagas’ disease and low birth weight, 61-62;

nifurtimox and benznidazole for treatment of Chagas’ disease in, 224. See also Congenital transmission

Inflammation:

acute Chagas’ disease and, 196;

immune response to T. cruzi and, 213-14

Infrastructure, for Chagas’ control projects, 112-13

Insecticides:

DDT and, 34;

plant derivatives as, 43-44;

slow-release in paint, 120, 234 n.13

Instar, and life stages of triatomines, 174-78

Instituto Boliviano de Biologia de Altura (IBBA), 63-64, 164, 199, 217

Instituto Nacional de Reforma Agraria (INRA), 154

Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Ceintíficas, 225

Interdisciplinary approach, to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-49

Intracellular amastigotes, 212

Intracellular hiding, by T. cruzi, 212-13

Intrauterine T. cruzi infection, 61

Isoenzymic strains, of T. cruzi, 162

Ivermac, 225

Jampiris (herbalists), and Chagas’ disease, 30-45

Janssen Research Foundation, 225

Jáuregui, Pedro, 78, 79-80, 81, 82-83, 203

Jivaros (Brazil), 37

Kallawaya herbalists:

biomedicine and, xvi-xvii;

Chagas’ disease and, xix, 30-45;

environment and, 143;

Inca empire, 26;

mountain-body metaphor and homes, 90

Kinetoplastida, 159

Kissing bugs, origin of term, 7. See also Triatoma infestans

Köberle, Fritz, 200

Koch, Robert, 1

Kolata, Alan, 146-47

Kuritsky, Joel, xix, xx, 235n.5

Labor, division of by gender in Bolivia, 116

Laboratories: transmission of T. cruzi to technicians, 63-64

Laminin sepharose affinity column, 216

Land tenure:

housing in urban areas of Bolivia and, 99;

status of reform in Bolivia, 153-54;

Western versus Andean concepts of property rights and, 104-105

La Paz (Bolivia), 97, 99

Lassance (Brazil), 5-6

Latent Chagas’ disease, 16

Latex agglutination, 219

Latin America:

economic and social costs of Chagas’ disease, 149-53;

export of blood for transfusions, 59;

geographic distribution of Chagas’ disease, xiv;

house infestation with T. infestans, 184-85;

scope of Chagas’ disease as public health problem, xiii. See also specific countries

Leadership, of prevention programs, 109-10

Leishmania braziliensis, 217

Leishmania major , 168

León, Cieza de, 27

Leprosy, 86

Levi-Strauss, Claude, 90

Lewellyn, Charles, xx

Ley de Participación Popular (Law of Popular Participation), 104, 153, 154

Life cycle: of Triatoma infestans , 173-78; of Trypanosoma cruzi, 159-62, 166-67

Life span, of T. infestans, 175

Linum usitatissimum, 42

Lipochagomas, 49-50

Lipopeptido phosphoglycan (LPPG), 168-69

Lippia triphylla, 42

Livestock, infection of with Chagas’ disease, 148. See also Animals

Lizards, as predators of T. infestans, 43

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 225

Luca, Manuel de, 40, 149

Lyme disease, xv

Lymph nodes, and acute Chagas’ disease, 198

Lymphocytes, 198

Lytic antibodies (LA), 210-11

Macrophages:

acute phase of Chagas’ disease and, 198;

immune response to T. cruzi infection and, 208, 209, 210, 215

Malaria, 3-6

Marsden, Philip D., xx, 176, 237 n.1

Martinez, Freddy, 109, 113

Marx, Karl, 234 n.8

Maurer, Cardinal, 107

Mayda, Evaristo, 131, 144, 233 n.3, 236 n.5

Maynas (Peru), 37

Measles, 27

Medical history, and discovery of Chagas’ disease, 1-18

Megacolon, 72-75

Megaesophagus, 75

Melisa officinalis, 42

Melogno, Roberto, 141, 236n.6

Mendez Acufia, Johnny, 73-74

Meningoencephalitis:

acute phase of Chagas’ disease and, 197;

AIDS and T. cruzi infection, 229 n.1;

Chagas’ disease in children and, 48

Mestizos : herbal medicine and, 39;

housing in urban areas and, 99, 101

Metacyclic trypanosomes, of T. cruzi, 58-59, 160, 161, 162, 212

Midwives, and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 136

Migration, of humans:

housing and spread of Chagas’ disease, 94-95;

as vectors of ecological exchange, 23-24

Milk, contamination of with T. cruzi , 62, 178

Ministry of Public Health (Bolivia), 217

Misqui (Bolivia), 104

Misfortune ritual, of Kallawaya herbalists, 30-34

Model, for Chagas’ control in Bolivia, 110-12

Molecular mimicry, by T. cruzi, 214

Monckeberg, J. G., 200

Monocytes, and T. cruzi infection, 208-209

Mortality rates, for Chagas’ disease:

acute phase and, 197;

children and, 48;

congenital transmission and, 60-62

Mosquitos, and Chagas’ research on malaria, 4

Mountain of the Condor: Metaphor and Ritual in an Andean Ayllu (Bastien, 1978), xvi

Mucins, 168

Multiform chagasic syndrome, 203

Mummies, and archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease in Andes, 19, 24, 27, 164, 206

Myocarditis, 197, 203-204, 213, 216

Myosin, 86, 232 n.7

National Academy of Medicine (Brazil), 16

National Chagas’ Control Committee (Bolivia), xviii