Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

. 1983 Vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas y sus características ecofisiológicas. Interciencia 8 (6): 834-35.

Zeledón, R.R., and J.E. Rabinovich 1981 Chagas’ disease: An ecological appraisal with special emphasis on its insect vectors. Annual Review of Entomology 26:101-33.

Zeledón, R., G. Solano, L. Burstin, and J.C. Swarta Walder 1975 Epidemiological pattern of Chagas’ disease in an endemic area of Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24 (2): 214.

Zhang, Q., M. Tibayrenc, and F.J. Ayala 1988 Linkage disequilibrium in natural populations of Trypanosoma cruzi (flagellate), the agent of Chagas’ disease. Journal of Protozoology 35 (1): 81-85.

Zippin, C. 1956 An evaluation of the removal method of estimating animal populations. Biometrics 12:163-89.

Zuidema, R.T. 1964 The Ceque System of Cuzco: The Social Organization of the Capital of the Incas. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Zuna, Hugo, Mario Recacoechea, Hernán Bermudez, Aimé De Muynck, and Lucila Cardozo 1979 Infección chagasica en trabajadores agricolas temporales y sus familias, Proyecto Abapo-Izozog, Chaco Boliviano. Boletin Informativo del CENETROP 5:16-29.

Zuna, H., C. La Fuente, and E. Valdez 1985 Prospective study of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by blood in Bolivia [English abstract]. Annales des Sociétés Belges de Médecine Tropicale, de Parasitologie et Mycologie Humaine et Animale 65 (suppl. 1): 107-13.

Accumulation index, for T. infestans in houses, 180

Acquired resistance, to Chagas’ disease, 207-10

Acute Chagas’ disease:

acquired resistance to, 207-10;

pathology of, 196-202

Adaptation:

Aymara and Quechua cultures and environmental, 142-43;

of T. cruzi in Andes and Bolivia, 20, 52-58;

of T. infestans in Bolivia, 52-58, 191

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and T. infestans, 173

Adobe, mechanical compaction of, 121, 235 n. 1-16

Agriculture, and prevention of Chagas’ disease, 148-49. See also Livestock

AIDS:

herbal medicine and, xvii;

meningoencephalitis and T. cruzi infection, 229 n.1;

similarities between Chagas’ disease and, xv, 87;

T-cells and Chagas’ disease, 210. See also HIV

Albo, Xavier, 104, 147

Alcázar, Jose Luis, 229n.6

Allergies, to T. infestans, 56

Allison, M. J., 19

Allopurinol, 223

Alpha-2-macroglobulin (A 2M), 201

Altitude:

adaptation of T. infestans to, 191;

chagasic heart disease and, 20, 81, 83, 165, 204

Alva, Juan José, 147

Amando Phillippi, Rodolfo, 28

Amastigotes, of T. cruzi , 160, 160 , 162, 212

Amazon Basin, spread of Chagas’ disease to, 96-97

Amoebic dysentery, 1

Amphibians, resistance to T. cruzi, 205

Andes:

Chagas’ disease and ethnomedicine, 30-45;

chagasic heart disease and altitude, 20, 81, 83-84;

history of Chagas’ disease in, 19-29.

See also Bolivia; Peru

Andrade, Z., 200

Animal husbandry, 148

Animals, as hosts for T. cruzi, 47, 51, 194-95

Antezana, Gerardo, 199-200

Anthropology, and interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-47

Antibiotics, 87

Antibody, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 206, 208, 210-12

Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 208, 209, 213

Antigenic mimicry hypothesis, 86

Antigens:

African trypanosomes and variation in, 213;

immunization for T. cruzi and, 169-70

Anti-laminin antibodies, 215

Arata, Andy, xx

Archaeology:

evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from Chile, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;

evidence of Chagas’ disease from preceramic period in Peru, 22-23

Arctic biomes, and species of triatomines, 193

Argentina, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Armadillos (Dasypus ), 163, 195

Arnold, D. Y., 90

Arrazola, Suzanna, 229 n.6

Arrhythmia, and chagasic heart disease, 203, 204, 232 n.4

Arriaza, B., 19

Artemisia absinthum, 43

Assassin bugs. See T. infestans

Atawallpa (Inca king), 27

Ausangate (Peru), 38

Autoantibody, 225, 232 n.6

Autoimmune response:

immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;

pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease and, 213-16

Avila, Father Francisco de, 156

Aymara (Bolivia):

adaptation to environment, 142-43;

colonization and migration of, 96;

housing and, 90, 92-93, 96, 100, 101, 140

Aynisiña (mutual aid), and housing improvements, 93, 117, 119, 152

Azara, Felix de, 9

Bachelard, Gaston, 89

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 209

Banda Navia, John, 179-80

Banzer, Gen. Hugo, 233n.2

Barbeiros. See Triatoma infestans

B-cells, 199

Behavior, and preventative health measures, 115

Bell’s Palsy, 108, 109

Beltran, José, xviii, 56, 124-33, 233n.3, 235n.3, 235n.6

Beni, Department of (Bolivia), 97

Benznidazole, and treatment of Chagas’ disease:

efficacy of, 224;

ethnomedicine and, 45;

maternal transmission to fetus and, 61;

recommendations on use of, 222-23;

therapeutic efficacy of, 50

Bermúdez, H., 237n.1

Beta-carotene alkaloids, 44

Binary fission, and reproduction of T. cruzi, 160, 161

Biocultural diversity, in Bolivia, 155

Biomedicine:

Bolivian class system and, 39, 231n.2;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 141-42;

definition of illness, 40;

ethics of in Bolivia and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;

integration with ethnomedicine in Bolivia, xvi-xvii;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-49;

Kallawaya herbalists and, xvi-xvii

Birds, resistance to T. cruzi, 205-206

Bisquinaldines, 220

Bittencourt, A. L., 230 n.6

Blastocrithidia spp., 187

Blood:

cultures and diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 217, 218;

life cycle of T. infestans and, 173;

transfusions and transmission of T. cruzi infection, 59-60, 223, 229-30n.4, 230n.5

Bolivia, and Chagas’ disease:

authoritarian governments, 233n.2;

baseline studies in Chuquisaca, 226-27;

biomedical ethics and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;

case study of chagasic esophagus, 75-76;

case study of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-75;

case study of heart disease, 78-87;

culture context model for control, 134-45;

decreased productivity and, 149-53;

environment of, 154-57;

epidemiology of, 46-64;

housing and physical proximity of parasites, vectors, and hosts, 88-106, 179-83;

housing and prevention programs, 107-23, 124-33;

integration of biomedicine and ethnomedicine, xvi-xvii;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention, 146-49;

Kallawaya herbalists and ethnomedicine, 30-45;

public awareness of, xv, 113;

restoration of traditional culture and prevention of, 29;

triatomine vectors of T. cruzi in, 191-93

Borda Pisterna, Mario, 196

Borrelia burgdorferi, xv

Bourdy, Gene, 229 n.6

Brazil:

blood transfusions and Chagas’ disease, 59;

chagasic esophageal problems, 231n.7;

Chagas’ research on malaria, 3-6;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;

oral transmission of T. cruzi, 62;

socioeconomic impact of Chagas’ disease, 84;

xenodiagnosis and nifurtimox treatment of Chagas’ disease, 221