Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

CSA (conventional serological antibodies), 210-11

Culture, and Chagas’ disease:

Andean ethnomedicine and, 45;

context model for control, 134-45;

housing and physical proximity of vectors and hosts in Bolivia, 88-106;

restoration of traditional and prevention in Bolivia, 29

Culture Context Triangle (CCT), 134-45

Cunha-Neto, Edécio, 232 n.7

Cunningham, D. D., 1

Curanderos.

chagasic colon and, 21;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention and, 135;

Kallawaya herbalists and Chagas’ disease, 30-45

Cuzco (Bolivia), 26

Cytokines, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 209-10

Darwin, Charles, 8-11

Datura sanguinea , 44

DDT (insecticide), 34

Defecation index, for triatomes, 177

Deforestation, and environment of Bolivia, 155

Delgadillo, Francisco, 65, 66

Delgado, J., 52, 54

Deltametrina (Pirotroides), 44

Detection, of acute Chagas’ disease, 201-202

Diagnostic tests, for Chagas’ tests, 217-19. See also Xenodiagnosis

Diarrhea, and Chagas’ disease, 49, 68. See also Colon

Diary of the Beagle (Darwin), 9

Di Noia, Javier M., 168

Direct agglutination test (DA and 2-MEDA), 219

Direct ingestion, and transmission of T. cruzi, 62-64

Direct tests, for diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 217, 218

Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), 150

Diseases, of Old World origin and Spanish conquest of Inca, 27

Diviners:

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention and, 136;

Kallawaya herbalists and Chagas’ disease, 30-45

D0870 (drug), 225

Dogs, infection with T. cruzi, 47, 194-95

Dominguez, A., 200

Donkeys, as hosts for T. cruzi, 195

Dosages, of nifurtimox and benznidazole, 50, 220

Drugs. See Chemotherapy

Drum and Stethoscope: Integrating Ethnomedicine and Biomedicine in Bolivia (Bastien, 1992), xvii

Ecology:

animals as hosts for T. cruzi, 194;

of Chuquisaca (Bolivia), 111;

Inca empire and, 25;

of Potosí (Bolivia), 65, 67;

vectorial transmission of T. cruzi and, 192. See also Climate; Environment

Economics:

chagasic heart disease and, 84;

cost of nifurtimox, 71;

Cultural Context Model for Chagas’ prevention and, 138;

decreased productivity due to Chagas’ disease, 149-53;

development and distribution of vaccines for T. cruzi, 172;

housing and Chagas’ disease in urban Bolivia, 10-104;

housing and exchange in Bolivia, 92-94;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 147-48

Education, on Chagas’ disease:

biomedicine and ethnomedicine in Bolivia, 34;

children and T. infestans, 54, 56, 115-16;

concientización (consciousness-raising) and, 113-15, 122, 234 n.8;

women and, 115-16

Eggs, of T. infestans , 175

El Alto (Bolivia), 99

Electrocardiogram (ECG), and chagasic heart disease, 81, 82, 84, 165, 197, 203

ELISA test, 217, 219

El Salvador, and house infestation with T. infestans, 184

Empacho. See Colon

Endangered species, and triatomes in Andes and Amazon, 51

Entamoeba histolytica , 1

Entomology, and examination of houses in Bolivia for T. infestans, 88-89

Environment:

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 142-43;

epidemiology of Chagas’ disease and, 182-83;

spread of Chagas’ disease in Andes and, 22-24, 154-57. See also Altitude; Climate; Ecology

Epidemiology, of Chagas’ disease:

in Bolivia, 46-64;

climate and, 182-83;

immune system and, 87

Epimastogotes, of T. cruzi , 160-61

Epitopes, 215

Eratyrus mucronatus, 191

Erythrocytic cycle, of malaria, 4

Esophagus, and Chagas’ disease:

cases of in Brazil, 231 n.7;

case study of in Chuquisaca (Bolivia), 75-76;

pathology of, 232 n.8-9

Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil (Central Railroad of Brazil), 5-6

Ethics, biomedical:

ethnomedicine and, 34;

Indians as trial subjects for research in Bolivia, 228-29 n.2

Ethnicity:

housing and urbanization in Bolivia, 97-101;

epidemiology of Chagas’ disease in rural Bolivia, 47. See also Aymara; Guarani; Mestizos ; Quechua; Race

Ethnobotany, 149

Ethnomedicine:

Chagas’ disease and Andean, 30-45;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 141;

integration with biomedicine in Bolivia, xvi-xvii;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-49

Ethnophysiology. See Humoral theory

Eucalyptus leaves, 44

Evasive strategies, of T. cruzi, 212-13, 229 n.2

EVI antibodies, 215

FAB (antigen-binding fragment) and Fc (crystallizable fragment), 212-13

Fabulation, and immune response to T. cruzi, 212, 213

Feces, of T. infestans , 58-59, 174, 177-78

Fetus, maternal transmission of T. cruzi, 61, 230-31 n.8. See also Congenital transmission

Fever, and Chagas’ disease:

acute phase and, 49;

as cultural illness, 68;

Kallawaya herbalists and, 38

Figaroa, Ciro, 50

Flax seeds, 42

Flight, of T. infestans, 56, 174

Food, contamination of with T. cruzi, 62

Forde, R. M., 1

Foundations, of houses and Chagas’ prevention, 120

France, and Chagas’ disease, 94

Frasch, Alberto, 168

Free market economy, and poverty in urban Bolivia, 103-104, 105

Freire, Paulo, 234 n.8

Fryer, Michelle L., 116

García Meza, Luis, 233 n.2

Garret, Laurie, 155

Gelbard, Robert, xix, xx

Gemio alario, Abraham, 179-80

Gender, inequality and Chagas’ disease in Bolivia, 116

Genetic variability, of T. cruzi strains, 163

Gentian violet, and blood contaminated with T. cruzi, 60, 223-24

Glycoproteins, on surface of T. cruzi, 168-70

Goats, as hosts for T. cruzi, 195

Goldbaum, M., 94

González, J., 165

González, Silverio, 147

Gregg, Linda, 148

Guarani tribes (Bolivia), 96, 97, 126, 140

Guatemala, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Guayusa, and herbal medicine, 37

Guinea pigs, 194, 195

Gutiérrez, Ronald, 148

Hagar, J. M., xxii

Hartenberger, Paul, xix, xx

Healers of the Andes: Kallawaya Herbalists and Their Medicinal Plants (Bastien, 1987), xvii

Health:

biomedical definition of illness, 40;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 141;

immunopathic medicine and paradigm of, 87;

World Health Organization’s definition of, 144-45. See also Public health

Heart block, 79, 203, 204, 232 n.3

Heart disease, Chagas’:

acute phase and, 197;

case study of in Bolivia, 78-87;

cardiac pathologies, 232n.3-4;

Darwin and, 10, 11;

morbidity in rural areas of Bolivia, 47;

symptoms of chronic, 203-204;

underdiagnosis of in U.S., xxii

Herbal medicine:

exports of from Bolivia, 111-52;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 149;

Kallawaya-Bolivian medicinal plants

and AIDS, cancer, Chagas’ disease, and tuberculosis, xvii;

Kallawaya herbalists and Chagas’ disease in Bolivia, 30-45

HIV, Chagas’ disease and spread of in Latin America, 86. See also AIDS

Honduras, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184