Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

Rothhammer, F., 19

Rural areas, epidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Bolivia, 47

Ruta chalapensis, 43

Sajjra wayra (troublesome wind), 69

Samay (breath), 37-38

Sánchez, Daniel O., 168

Sánchez de Lozada, Gonzalo, 103, 104

Sangre de Drago (Croton roborensis), as herbal medicine, 40, 130

Satureja boliviana, 43

Sayaña (house), 92-93, 96, 140

Sayre, as herbal medicine, 37

Schaudinn, F., 1

Schizodemes, and T. cruzi strains, 163

Schizotrypanum , 159

Schofield, C. J., 237 n.1

Schurria octoarustica, 43

Seasonality, and vectorial transmission of

T. cruzi, 192-93

Secretariat of Health (SOH, Bolivia), xx, 67, 128, 182, 233n.2, 235n.2, 236n.1

Sensano, Ruth, xviii, 46, 107-23, 135, 148

Serological methods, for diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 219

Serum neutralization, 211

Shamans, and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 135

Side effects:

of benznidazole, 222-23;

of gentian violet, 224;

of nifurtimox, 221

Sleeping sickness:

Chagas’ disease compared to, 10-11;

discovery of causative agent, 1;

discovery of Chagas’ disease and, 13

Smallpox, 27

Social factors:

economic impact of chronic Chagas’ disease, 84, 149-53;

spread of Chagas disease in Andes, 22-24.

See also

Class; Culture

Sociology, and interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 147

SOH/CCH Chagas Control Pilot Program, 182, 233n.2, 235n.2, 236n.1, 236n.7

Spain, colonialism and T. infestans, 26-28

Spartumjunceum, 42

Spiders, as predator of T. infestans, 43

Spirituality, and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 140

Spontaneous abortion, and Chagas’ disease, 61, 230 n.8

Standen, V., 19

Stewart, George, 162, 198, 236-37n.1

Strains, of T. cruzi :

adaptation in Andes and, 20;

classification of and impact on pathology, 163-65;

clinical manifestations and, 81;

colon pathology and, 22;

complement-mediated lysis and, 212;

immunization and, 171;

nifurtimox and, 221;

susceptibility of triatomine vectors to infection and, 162

Stress testing, and ECG abnormalities, 203

Stumpy trypomastigotes, 161

Suarez, J. A., 200

Sucre, Department of (Bolivia), 22, 81-82, 227

Surface membrane, of T. cruzi, 166-70

Surgery, for chagasic megacolon, 74

Swiss Tropical Institute, 225

Sylvatic animals, as hosts for T. cruzi, 194

Symbols, in Kallawaya misfortune ritual, 33

Symptoms, of Chagas’ disease:

acute phase and, 49;

case study of chagasic esophagus, 75-76;

case study of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-77;

case study of heart disease, 78-87;

chronic heart disease and, 203-204;

Kallawaya herbalists and interpretation of, 34-36;

progression of, 16-18.

See also Pathology

Synanthropic animals, and triatomines, 194

Syphilis, 6, 217

Tabacal (Cochabamba, Bolivia), 81

Taber, C.W., 228 n.1

Tapia, Gonzalo, 229 n.6

Tarija, Department of (Bolivia), 95, 124-33, 176, 182, 183

Tawantinsuyo (Inca empire), 25

Taxonomy, of Trypanosoma cruzi , 159-62

T-cells, 199, 210, 232 n.6

T. cruzi. See Trypanosoma cruzi

Teaching aids, for Chagas’ prevention programs, 130-32

Technology, and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 142

Temporality, and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 140-41

Tertiary Chagas’ disease, 16

Tibayrenc, M., 164

T. infestans. See Triatoma infestans

Tobacco, as traditional cure for Chagas’ disease, 36-37

Tonn, Bob, xx, 229 n.3

Treatment. See Chemotherapy

Triatoma brasiliensis, 186, 188, 189

Triatoma dimidiata, 177, 184, 186, 188, 189

Triatomaguasyana , 51

Triatoma infestans ( T. infestans ):

adaptation of in Bolivia, 52-58, 187-88;

archaeological evidence of, 24;

Chagas’s discovery of Chagas’ disease and, 6-9;

efficiency of as vector, 159-60;

epidemiology of Chagas’ disease in Bolivia, 46-64;

housing and physical proximity of with parasites and hosts in Bolivia, 88-106, 179-83;

Inca empire and spread of, 25;

life cycle of, 173-78;

slow-release insecticide paints, 120, 234 n.12-13;

Spanish conquest and colonialism, 26-28;

strains of T. cruzi and, 164

Triatoma maculata, 189

Triatoma melanocephala , 51

Triatoma oswaldoi , 15

Triatoma patagonica, 193

Triatoma pseudomaculata, 189

Triatoma rubrofasciata , 187

Triatoma sordida, 51, 59, 186, 188, 189

Triatoma venosa, 51, 189

Triatominae, subfamily, 190-91

Trypanosoma brucei group, 1, 13, 160, 166, 212, 225

Trypanosoma conorrhini, 187

Trypanosoma cruzi ( T. cruzi ):

adaptation of in Bolivia, 52-58;

adaptation to gut of T. infestans, 176;

animal reservoirs and hosts for, 194-95;

author’s first impression of, xiii;

chemotherapy and evasive strategies of, 229 n.2;

discovery of by Chagas, 11;

forms of, 12;

housing and physical proximity of with vectors and hosts in Bolivia, 88-106;

immune response to infection with, 205-16;

immunization against, 166-72;

Inca empire and spread of, 25;

long-term adaptation of in Andes, 20;

parasitic cycle of, 15;

strains of, 163-65;

taxonomy and life cycle of, 159-62;

vector species of in the Americas, 186-93.

See also Chagas’ disease

Trypanosoma minasensi , 11

Trypanosoma rangeli , 160, 162, 187, 190, 217

Trypanosomatidae, 159

Trypanosoma vespertilionis, 187

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Bastien, Joseph William, 1935-

The kiss of death: Chagas’ disease in the Americas / Joseph

William Bastien.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-87480-559-7 (alk. paper)

1. Chagas’ disease--Bolivia--Epidemiology. 2. Chagas’ disease--Latin America--Epidemiology. 3. Chagas’ disease--Social aspects--Bolivia. 4. Chagas’ disease--Social aspects-Latin America. 5. Chagas’ disease--Bolivia--Prevention. 6. Chagas’ disease--Latin America--Prevention. 7. Housing and health--Bolivia. 8. Housing and health--Latin America. 9. Public health surveillance--Bolivia. 10. Public health surveillance--Latin America.

I. Title.

RA6

4

4.C26B37 1998

614.5’33dc21 98-18279

1. This research is summarized in the following articles and books: concerning Aymara rituals (Bastien 1989), Kallawaya herbal curing (Bastien 1982, 1983a, 1983b), ethnophysiology (Bastien 1985), Kallawaya herbalists (Bastien 1987), cultural perceptions of neonatal tetanus and programming implications (Bastien 1988), integration of ethnomedicine and biomedicine (Bastien 1992), and training of community health workers (Bastien 1990).

2. Some of these positions were coordinator with Project Concern for community health workers and biomedical personnel of the Department of Oruro, Bolivia, (Bastien 1987b, 1990a); educator with Project Concern for diarrhea control and oral rehydration therapy (Bastien 1987a: 81-84); researcher with Resources for Child Health concerning prevention of neonatal tetanus (Bastien 1988); anthropologist working with Bolivian radio schools (1990); and ethnologist advisor to USAID projects: Community and Child Health (1987a, 1991), Bolivian Forestation Project (1995), and Chagas Control Project, Bolivia (1991).