Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

National University at Cochabamba, 52

Natural resistance, to T. cruzi, 205-207

Nervous system:

chronic stage of Chagas’ disease and, 85;

neuronal degeneration during acute phase of Chagas’ disease, 213-14

Nicotiana spp., 37

Nifurtimox, and treatment of Chagas’ disease:

cost of, 71;

dosages of, 50, 220;

efficacy of, 224;

ethnomedicine and, 45;

maternal transmission to fetus, 61;

recommendations on use of, 220-22

Nitroimidazole (2-amino-5-[methyl-5-nitro2-imidazolyl]-1, 3, 4 thiadiazole), 223

Noel Kempf Preserve (Bolivia), 155

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 143-44

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 103

Nufiez, L., 19

Nurses, as principal biomedical personnel in rural Bolivia, 67. See also Community health workers

Nutrition, and resistance of infants to T. cruzi , 62

Nymphs, of T. infestans, 174, 175, 176

Obligate bloodsucking, and T. infestans, 173

Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis ), 163, 189, 195

Opsonization, and phagocytosis of T. cruzi, 209

Oral transmission, of T. cruzi , 62-64

Organ transplants, and transmission of T. cruzi, 62, 63

Ortloff, Charles, 146-47

Oswaldo Cruz Institute, 2, 12, 14

Pacemaker, and chagasic heart disease, 80, 83

Pacha Kuteq Yupanki (Inca king), 25

Pachamama (Mother Earth), 109-10

Paints, and slow-release insecticide, 120, 234 n.12-13

Paleopathology, 24

Pan American Health Organization, xiii

Panstrongulus lignarius, 189

Panstrongylus megistus, as vector for T. cruzi :

defecation rate, 59;

feeding activities, 176;

importance of compared to other species of vectors, 186, 188, 189, 191;

sylvatic zymodemes and, 163

Papaya juice, 42

Paraguay, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Parasites:

herbal medicines and parasiticides, 37, 45;

HIV and, 207

Parasiticides, and herbal medicines, 37, 45.

See also Benznidazole; Nifurtimox

Pariya Qaqa (Igneous Rock), 155

Partial immunity, and acute phase of Chagas’ disease, 197, 207-10

Partial protection, and immunization, 171

Pasteur, Louis, 1, 3

Pasteur Institute (La Paz), 164

Patagonia, and species of triatomines, 193

Pathology, of Chagas’ disease:

acute phase and, 196-202;

autoimmune components of, 213-16;

heart disease and, 84-86;

length of exposure to Chagas’ disease and, 206;

variability of, 13-14;

zymodemes of T. cruzi and, 170. See also Symptoms

Paz Zamora, Jaime, xix, 125, 235 n.5

Peru:

archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease from preceramic period, 22-23;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;

smallpox epidemic of 1520s, 27

Petramina (insecticide), 44

Phagocytosis, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 208-209

Phaseolus lunatus, 19

Pheromones, of T. infestans, 174

Pigs, as hosts for T. cruzi , 195

Pinches (Ecuador and Peru), 37

Pizarro, Francisco, 27

Pizarro, Pedro, 27

Plan International, 139, 235n.2

Plasmodium spp., 6

Plastering, of house walls and prevention of Chagas’ disease, 120, 234 n.12

Pless, M., 81

Plexes (nerve nets), 213-14

Policy, public:

AIDS, Chagas’ disease, and tuberculosis as medical priorities, 86;

recommendations for on Chagas’ disease, 105-116.

See also Public health

Political economy:

colonialsim and spread of Chagas’ disease, 28-29;

housing and physical proximity of vectors and hosts of Chagas’ disease in Bolivia, 88-106

Politics, religious motivation and agendas of health projects, 110. See also Policy; Political economy

Pongo (Bolivia), 47

Population, pre-Columbian of central Andes, 27

Potosí, Department of (Bolivia), case study of chagasic colon, 65-72

Poultry, and T. cruzi infection, 195

Poverty:

free market economics and increase of in urban Bolivia, 103-104, 105;

housing and Chagas’ disease in urban Bolivia, 101

Premature birth, and intrauterine T. cruzi infection, 61, 230n.8

Prevention, of Chagas’ disease:

call for activism, xvii-xviii;

housing and, 107-23, 124-33;

Culture Context Model for, 134-45;

recommendations on allocation of resources, xvii-xviii;

restoration of traditional culture in Bolivia and, 29

Prickly pear cactus, 43

Prieto, Marco Antonio, 136, 143, 148, 236n.3

Primary Chagas’ disease, 16

Primary health care, and Chagas’ control projects, 110, III

PROCOSI (Programa de Coordinación en Supervivencia Infantil), 234 n.10

Productivity, and socioeconomic costs of Chagas’ disease, 149-53

Pro-Habitat of Bolivia, xx, 127-28, 139, 235n.2

Project Concern, 131

Prosopisjuliflora, 19

Protozoa, species of pathogenic, 11. See also Trypanosoma cruzi

Proyecto Británico Cardenal Maurer (PBCM), 46, 107-23, 226, 233 n.1-2, 233 n.5, 234 n.9

Pseudocysts, 198

Public health:

religious motivations and political agendas in projects, 110;

scope of Chagas’s disease as problem in Latin America, xiii.

See also Education; Policy, public; Prevention

Pyrethrum, 4

Qaqachaka (Oruro, Bolivia), 90

Quechua (Bolivia):

adaptation to environment, 142-43;

attitudes toward T. infestans, 56;

colonization and migration of, 96;

housing in urban Bolivia and, 100, 101

Quinine, and malaria, 4

Rabies virus, 1

Rabinovitch, J. E., 176

Race, and class system in Bolivia, 132. See also Ethnicity

Radanil. See Benznidazole

Rahimtoola, S. H., xxii

Rain forest, destruction of in Bolivia, 155

Rake, Gregory, 233n.3

Rats, as hosts for T. cruzi, 194, 195

Reed, Walter, 8

Regalsky, Pablo, 92, 104, 136, 143, 147, 153, 236 n.4, 236 n.8

Regenerator (herbal remedy), 39-42, 44

Religion, as motivation in health projects, 110

Repolarization disorders, 204

Reproductive cycle:

of Triatoma infestans, 174-75;

of Trypanosoma cruzi , 161

Reservoir hosts:

animals and T. cruzi, 194-95;

vectorial transmission of T. cruzi and, 192

Residentes (residents):

health education and, 132;

housing in urban Bolivia and, 100

Respiratory infections, and ethnomedicine in Bolivia, 68

Restorative proctocolectomy, 74-75

Rheumatic fever, 85

Rhodniuspallescens , 186, 189

Rhodniusprolixus, as vector for T. cruzi :

defecation rate, 59, 177;

feeding activities of, 176;

importance of compared to other species of vectors, 186, 188, 189, 191;

pheromones in feces of, 174;

roof thatching and, 97

Ritual:

Kallawaya herbalists and misfortune ritual for Chagas’ disease, 30-34;

roof thatching in Bolivia and, 91

Rivas, Daniel, 109, 113

Rochagan. See Benznidazole

Rodents, as hosts for

T. cruzi, 194-95

Romaña’s Sign, 7, 8, 16, 49, 108, 196-97

Roofs, of houses:

alternative low-cost methods, 234n.14;

ceramic tile and Chagas’ control, 120;

thatching as habitat for triatomines, 97;

thatching of as ritual in Bolivia, 91

Rotan palm tree, 40