Joseph Bastien - The Kiss of Death

Breast-feeding, and transmission of T. cruzi , 62-63

Briceno-León, Roberto, xxi, 89, 147, 184-85

Browne, Janet, 10

Bryan, Ralph, 229n.3

Bureaucracy, and prevention programs, 109-10

Calamus drago, 40

Campesino (peasants):

health education and, 132;

housing in urban Bolivia, 100, 101

Canada, blood transfusions and Chagas’ disease, 230n.5

Cancer, and herbal medicine, xvii

Carbon dioxide, and

T. infestans, 174

Cárdenas, Victor Hugo, 100

Cardiomegaly, 19, 85, 197

Cargo system, 112-13

Caritas (Roman Catholic relief organization), 144, 235n.2

Carrasco, Nicolás, 39-42, 44

Carrasco, Roxanna, 199-200

Carrying capacity, for T. infestans, 180

La Casa Enferma: Sociologia de la Enfermedad de Chagas

(Briceño-León, 1990), xxi

Casanovas, Alberto, 81, 82-83, 203

Castor oil, 44, 228n.1

Catholic Church, 109-10, 144.

See also Caritas; Proyecto Británico Cardenal Maurer

Cats, infection with T. cruzi, 47, 194

Cattle, as hosts for T. cruzi, 195

Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 45, 128, 233n.2, 236n.1

Central America:

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;

rates of T. cruzi vectors in, 190. See also specific countries

Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico de la Enfermedad de Chagas-Sucre, 81-82

Cestrum mathewsi, 43

Chagas, Carlos:

congenital transmission of Chagas’ disease and, 230 n.6;

description of symptoms of Chagas’ disease, 196;

discovery of Chagas’ disease, xiii, 1-18, 194, 217;

Romafia’s sign and, 49

Chagas’ disease:

Andean ethnomedicine and, 30-45;

author’s personal awareness of, xviii-xx;

autoimmune components ofpathogenesis, 213-16;

baseline studies in Chuquisaca, 226-27;

case studies of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-75;

case study of esophagus, 75-76;

case study of heart disease, 78-87;

chemotherapy for, 220-25;

chronic heart disease and symptoms of, 203-204;

cultural context model for control of, 134-45;

decreased productivity in Bolivia and, 149-53;

diagnostic tests for, 217-19;

discovery of, 1-18;

epidemiology of, 46-64;

geographic distribution of in Latin America, xiv;

history of in Andes, 19-29;

housing in Bolivia and physical proximity of parasites, vectors, and hosts, 88-106, 179-83;

housing in Bolivia and prevention programs, 107-23, 124-33;

immunization against T. cruzi and, 166-72;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of, 146-49;

pathology of acute, 196-202;

public awareness of in Bolivia, xv;

review of literature on, xx-xxiii;

scope of as public health problem in Latin America, xiii;

in United States, xxi-xxii, 60, 63, 94, 230 n.5;

statistics on infestation of houses with T. infestans , 184-85.

See also Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas’Disease in Bolivia: The Work of the SOH/CCH Chagas Control Pilot Program (1994), xxi

Chagas’ Disease and the Nervous System (Pan American Health Organization, 1994), xxi

Chagoma, 7, 8, 49, 196-97

Chemotherapy, for Chagas’ disease:

benznidazole, 45, 50, 61, 222-23, 224;

D0870, 225;

epidemiology in Bolivia and, 50-51;

evasive strategies of T. cruzi and, 229 n.2;

gentian violet, 223-24;

lytic antibody (LA) levels and, 211;

nifurtimox, 45, 50, 61, 71, 220-22, 224;

possible new drugs, 223, 224-25

Chickens, resistance to T. cruzi infection , 195, 206

Chifleras (women herbal vendors), 151

Children, and Chagas’ disease:

attitudes toward T. infestans in Bolivia, 54, 56;

contamination with feces of T. infestans, 59;

immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;

nifurtimox and, 220;

public education and, 111-16, 31;

statistics on death in Bolivia, 48;

subcutaneous nodules and, 49-50. See also Congenital transmission

Child Survival Program (USAID), xix-xx

Chile:

archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;

records of T. infestans in 1800s, 28

Chinchona calasaya, 4

Cholo (peasants):

class and housing in urban Bolivia, 99-101

Choromoro (Bolivia), 20-22, 226

Chuquisaca, Department of (Bolivia), and Chagas’ disease:

baseline studies in, 226-27;

chagasic colonopathy, 73;

chagasic esophageal problems, 75-76;

high incidence of, 81-82, 183;

housing and prevention, 107-23;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 182, 183

Cielsielski, S., 94

Class:

health education projects and, 132-33;

housing and urbanization in Bolivia, 97-101;

stratified system of Bolivian society, 39, 132-33

Climate:

epidemiology of Chagas’ disease and, 182-83;

of Tarija (Bolivia) and incidence of Chagas’ disease, 125-26;

triatomine vectors of T. cruzi in Bolivia and, 191;

vectorial transmission of T. cruzi and, 192. See also Ecology

Clubes de Madres (mother’s clubs), 144

Coca leaves, 34-35, 44, 75-76

Cochamba, Department of (Bolivia), 182, 183

Colon, and Chagas’ disease:

archaeological evidence of in mummies, 19;

case studies of in Bolivia, 20-22, 65-75;

Kallawaya herbalists and, 35

Colonialism, spread of Chagas’ disease and political economy of, 28-29

Colonization, Bolivian agrarian reform and spread of Chagas’ disease, 95-97

Colostomy, 70

Columbia, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Columbus, Christopher, 28

Communication, and Culture Context Model of Chagas’ prevention, 138. See also Cross-cultural communication

Community, participation of in Chagas’ prevention programs, 121-22

Community and Child Health (CCH), 182, 233 n.2, 235 n.2, 236 n.1

Community health workers (CHW):

agriculture and animal husbandry, 148-49;

housing improvement and concepts of aynisiña and turqasiña, 93;

infrastructure for Chagas’ control projects and, 112, 113, 234 n.9;

training of in Bolivia, 67

Complement, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 205, 206, 211, 212

Complement-fixation test (CFT), 219

Complement-mediated lysis, 211, 212

Concientización (Consciousness-raising), and public education on Chagas’ disease, 113-15, 122, 234 n.8

Congenital transmission, of Chagas’ disease:

epidemiology in Bolivia, 60-62, 64, 230-31 n.7-9;

epidemiology in Latin America, 230n.6;

heart disease and, 80;

nifurtimox and benznidazole, 224

Constipation, and T. cruzi infection in Bolivia, 71. See also Colon

Contamination, and feces of T. infestans, 58-59

Control of Chagas’ Disease (WHO, 1991), xx-xxi

Cooperatives, in Bolivia, 152

Costa Rica, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Cost-benefit analysis, of economic impact of Chagas’ disease, 150

Couto, Miguel, 16-18

C-reactive protein (CRP), 201

Credit problems, and loans for housing improvement, 139

Cross-cultural communication, and health education, 131, 133

Cross-cultural community participation (CCCP), and Chagas’ prevention programs, 122

Cross-reactive autoantibodies, 232 n.6

Croton roborensis. See Sangre de Drago

Cruz, Oswaldo, 2-3, 12, 14-15, 16