Джордан Элленберг - Как не ошибаться. Сила математического мышления

Francis Galton . Memories of My Life. London: Methuen, 1908, p. 310.

См. прения сторон в судебном разбирательстве Briscoe vs. Virginia, 2010, Jan. 11 ( www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2009/2009_07_11191 – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

David Brooks . One Nation, Slightly Divisible // Atlantic, 2001, Dec.

Andrew E. Gelman et al. Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: What’s the Matter with Connecticut? // Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 2007, 2, no. 4, p. 345–367.

Эти данные можно найти в книге: Andrew E. Gelman . Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 68–70.

NIH Stops Clinical Trial on Combination Cholesterol Treatment // NIH News, 2011, May 26 ( www.nih.gov/news/health/may2011/nhlbi-26.htm – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

NHLBI Stops Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin Due to Increased Breast Cancer Risk, Lack of Overall Benefit // NIH press release, 2002, July 09 ( www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/nhlbi-09.htm – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

Philip M. Sarrel et al. The Mortality Toll of Estrogen Avoidance: An Analysis of Excess Deaths Among Hysterectomized Women Aged 50 to 59 Years // American Journal of Public Health, 2013, 103, no. 9, p. 1583–1588.

Материалы о ранней истории обнаружения связи между курением и раком легких взяты из следующего источника: Colin White . Research on Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Landmark in the History of Chronic Disease Epidemiology // Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 1990, 63, p. 29–46.

Richard Doll, A. Bradford Hill . Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung // British Medical Journal, 1950, Sept. 30, 2, no. 4682, p. 739–748.

Фишер написал эти слова в 1958 г. Цитата приводится в статье: Paul D. Stolley . When Genius Errs: R. A. Fisher and the Lung Cancer Controversy // American Journal of Epidemiology, 1991, 133, no. 5.

См., например: Dorret I. Boomsma, Judith R. Koopmans, Lorenz J. P. Van Doornen, Jacob F. Orlebeke . Genetic and Social Influences on Starting to Smoke: A Study of Dutch Adolescent Twins and Their Parents // Addiction, 1994, Feb., 89, no. 2, p. 219–26.

Jan P. Vandenbroucke . Those Who Were Wrong // American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, 130, no. 1, p. 3–5.

Цитата взята из: Jon M. Harkness . The U. S. Public Health Service and Smoking in the 1950s: The Tale of Two More Statements // Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2007, Apr., 62, no. 2, p. 171–212.

Jon M. Harkness . The U. S. Public Health Service and Smoking…

Jerome Cornfield . Statistical Relationships and Proof in Medicine // American Statistician, 1954, 8, no. 5, p. 20.

О пандемии 2009 г. можно прочитать здесь: Angus Nicoll, Martin McKee . Moderate Pandemic, Not Many Dead – Learning the Right Lessons in Europe from the 2009 Pandemic // European Journal of Public Health, 2010, 20, no. 5, p. 486–488. Однако обратите внимание на то, что по результатам более поздних исследований общее количество погибших во всем мире оказалось намного больше, чем предполагалось первоначально, – около 250 тысяч человек.

Joseph Berkson . Smoking and Lung Cancer: Some Observations on Two Recent Reports // Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1958, Mar., 53, no. 281, p. 28–38.

Joseph Berkson . Smoking and Lung Cancer…

Joseph Berkson . Smoking and Lung Cancer…

Lowering the Deficit and Making Sacrifices, 2011, Jan. 24 ( www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/poll_deficit_011411.pdf – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

Fewer Want Spending to Grow, But Most Cuts Remain Unpopular, 2011, Feb. 10 ( www.people-press.org/files/2011/02/702.pdf).

Bryan Caplan . Mises and Bastiat on How Democracy Goes Wrong, Part II // Library of Economics and Liberty, 2003, November 3 ( www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2003/CaplanBastiat.html – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

Paul Krugman . Don’t Cut You, Don’t Cut Me // New York Times, 2011, Feb. 11 ( http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/dont-cut-you-dont-cut-me).

Cutting Government Spending May Be Popular but There Is Little Appetite for Cutting Specific Government Programs // Harris Poll, 2011, Feb. 16 ( www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/693/ctl/ReadCustom Default/Default.aspx – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

Данные взяты из отчета телеканала CBS News о результатах проведенного им в январе 2011 года опроса, о котором шла речь выше.

The AP-GfK Poll, November 2010 – вопросы HC1 и HC14a ( http://surveys.ap.org/data/GfK/AP-GfK Poll November Topline-nonCC.pdf).

Annals of the Congress of the United States, 1789, Aug. 17. Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834, p. 782.

Atkins vs. Virginia, 536 US 304 (2002).

Akhil Reed Amar, Vikram David Amar . Eighth Amendment Mathematics (Part One): How the Atkins Justices Divided When Summing // Writ, 2002, June 28 ( writ.news.findlaw.com/amar/20020628.html – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

Данные о смертной казни приведены по материалам Информационного центра по смертным приговорам в США, см.: Death Penalty Information Center ( www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions-year – просмотрено 14.01.2014).

См., например: Atsushi Tero, Ryo Kobayashi, Toshiyuki Nakagaki . A Mathematical Model for Adaptive Transport Network in Path Finding by True Slime Mold // Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2007, 244, no. 4, p. 553–564.

Tanya Latty, Madeleine Beekman. Irrational Decision Making in an Amoeboid Organism: Transitivity and Context-Dependent Preferences // Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2011, Jan., 278, no. 1703, p. 307–312.

Susan C. Edwards, Stephen C. Pratt . Rationality in Collective Decision-Making by Ant Colonies // Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2009, 276, no. 1673, p. 3655–3661.